Table 1.
Description of the Cohorts Included
| Cohort name | N | Cohort features | Location | Years of birth | Trimester(s) of PFAS sample | Biological media of PFAS sample | SRS and/or ASD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Project Viva | 467 | Cohort is predominantly non-Hispanic White and college-educated. | Boston, Massachusetts | 1999–2003 | 1st | Plasmaa | SRS-2 (School-age version), ASD |
| New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS) | 318 | Participants are mostly residents living in rural areas and primarily non-Hispanic White, reflective of the underlying population of the region. | Concord, New Hampshire Lebanon, New Hampshire | 2009–2013 | 2nd to 3rd | Plasmaa | SRS-2 (Preschool and School-age versions), ASD |
| Healthy Start | 184 | Cohort is racially and economically diverse | Colorado | 2010–2013 | 2nd, 3rd | Seruma | SRS-2 (School-age version), ASD |
| University of California- Markers of Autism Risk in Babies (MARBLES) | 31 | ASD sibling cohort (ASD familial enriched risk) | Northern California | 2009–2015 | 1st, 2nd, 3rd | Seruma | SRS-2 (Preschool and School-age versions), ASD |
| Emory University Atlanta | 144 | Black/African American cohort from metropolitan Atlanta. | Atlanta, Georgia | 2014–2018 | 1st, 2nd | Serumb | SRS-2 (Preschool and School-age versions), ASD |
| Pregnancy Environment and Lifestyle Study (PETALS) | 78 | Cohort is racially and economically diverse | California | 2014–2017 | 1st, 2nd, 3rd | Serumb | SRS-2 (School-age version), ASD |
| Rochester | 102 | Enriched for maternal sociodemographic diversity and psychosocial stress through recruitment at clinics serving disproportionately high-need patients. | Rochester, New York | 2016–2019 | 2nd | Serumb | SRS-2 (Preschool version) |
| Kaiser Permanente Research Bank (KPRB) | 12 | Cohort is racially and economically diverse | California | 2014 | 1st | Serumb | ASD |
| Chemicals in our Bodies (CIOB) | 67 | Cohort is urban, racially and economically diverse | San Francisco, California | 2015–2018 | 2nd, 3rd | Serumc | SRS-2 (School-age version), ASD |
| Illinois Kids Development Study (IKIDS) | 26 | Cohort is from a mid-size mid-western college town, predominantly non-Hispanic White and college-educated. | Urbana - Champaign, Illinois | 2015–2016 | 2nd | Serumc | SRS-2 (Preschool and School-age versions) |
ASD, autism spectrum disorder; PFAS, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances; SRS, Social Responsiveness Scale.
a
PFAS in plasma and serum measured by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Kato et al. 2011; Sagiv et al. 2018; Oh et al. 2021; Honda, Robinson, and Kannan 2018)
b
PFAS in serum measured by Human Health Exposure Analysis Resource (HHEAR) (Honda, Robinson, and Kannan 2018; Zhu et al. 2017).
c
PFAS in serum measured by California Department of Toxic Substances Control (Eick et al. 2021)