Table 1.
Multilevel models of the relationship between distraction, avoidance, activities and emotional responses during daily diary events.
| Between-subject | Within-subject: X predicting Y | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| X↓ / Y→ | PE | NE | Str | CTL | Think COVID | Motiv COVID | PE | NE | Str | CTL | Think COVID | Motiv COVID |
| Distraction | −0.08 | 0.04 | 0.04 | −0.05 | 0.08 | −0.03 | 0.15** | −0.1** | −0.1** | 0.06** | −0.07** | −0.01 |
| Distraction (ctrl Avoidance) | −0.05 | −0.07 | −0.08 | 0.00 | −0.07 | −0.08 | 0.14** | −0.10** | −0.09** | 0.06** | −0.07** | −0.01 |
| Avoidance | −0.07 | 0.17** | 0.2** | −0.09 | 0.17** | 0.06 | 0.06** | −0.04** | −0.06** | 0.03* | −0.07** | −0.01 |
| Avoidance (ctrl Distraction) | −0.07 | 0.23** | 0.26** | −0.10 | 0.19** | 0.11 | 0.04** | −0.04* | −0.05** | 0.02 | −0.07** | −0.01 |
| Activities | ||||||||||||
| Computer | −0.03 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0 | 0.03 | −0.1 | 0 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.02 | −0.01 |
| TV | 0.05 | 0.19** | 0.17* | 0.02 | 0.1 | −0.02 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.07** | 0 |
| Dining | 0.01 | 0.14** | 0.14** | −0.01 | 0.11* | −0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0 | 0.04 | 0.02 |
| Exercising | −0.04 | 0.15** | 0.16** | −0.08 | 0.11* | −0.04 | 0.02 | −0.01 | −0.01 | 0.03 | −0.01 | 0.02 |
| Social Media | −0.03 | 0.18* | 0.2** | −0.07 | 0.18** | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.04 | −0.02 |
| Playing Game | −0.03 | 0.15 | 0.13 | −0.02 | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.02 | 0 |
| Reading | 0.02 | 0.26** | 0.26** | 0 | 0.18** | −0.05 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.03 | 0 |
| Socializing | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.02 | −0.02 | −0.02 | 0.01 | 0 | −0.02 |
| Praying/Meditating | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.14* | −0.01 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0 | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0.03 |
| Caring for child | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.01 | −0.01 | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0 |
| Napping/Resting | −0.07 | 0.04 | 0.05 | −0.1 | 0.02 | −0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.03 |
| Shopping | 0.07 | 0.29** | 0.3** | 0 | 0.19** | 0.04 | −0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0.04 | −0.01 |
| Housework | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.1* | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0 | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| Something related to COVID | 0 | 0.01 | 0.01 | −0.02 | 0.04 | −0.03 | −0.02 | 0.05** | 0.06** | 0 | 0.06** | 0.01 |
| Self-care/grooming | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.01 | −0.01 | −0.03 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.01 |
| Errands | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.07 | −0.03 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0 | 0.06** | 0.02 |
| Studying | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.04 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Paid work | −0.02 | 0.15** | 0.17** | −0.02 | 0.11** | 0 | 0.03 | 0 | −0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 |
| Philanthropy | 0.07 | 0.26** | 0.29** | 0.05 | 0.18 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Commuting | 0.03 | 0.12** | 0.15** | 0.01 | 0.12* | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0 | 0.02 | −0.01 |
Activities are shown in descending order of the frequency with which people use them to distract themselves from COVID. Standardized betas are shown. PE = positive emotion, NE = negative emotion, Str = stress, CTL = control, motiv = motivation.
**
p < 0.05.
*
p < 0.01.