Table 1.
Lifestyle habits and lifestyle-related factors in cases and controls at baseline and second assessment
| Cases | Controls | Cases vs. Controls | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 2nd assessment | Change within cases | Baseline | 2nd assessment | Change within controls | Baseline | 2nd assessment | Change over time | |
| Smoking, n (%), n = 2548 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.002 | p = 0.36 | p < 0.001 | ||||
| ≥ 20 cig/day | 5 (1%) | 1 (0%) | 17 (1%) | 11 (1%) | |||||
| 11–19 cig/day | 46 (7%) | 12 (2%) | 52 (3%) | 64 (3%) | |||||
| 1–10 cig/day | 42 (7%) | 34 (5%) | 116 (6%) | 95 (5%) | |||||
| Occasionally | 50 (8%) | 27 (4%) | 151 (8%) | 75 (4%) | |||||
| Never | 494 (78%) | 563 (88%) | 1575 (82%) | 1666 (87%) | |||||
| Active commuting, n (%), n = 2519 | < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.011 | p = 0.81 | p = 0.007 | ||||
| < 5 min/day | 437 (69%) | 275 (59%) | 1210 (64%) | 845 (58%) | |||||
| 5–9 min/day | 55 (9%) | 39 (8%) | 170 (9%) | 124 (9%) | |||||
| 10–19 min/day | 60 (10%) | 56 (12%) | 216 (11%) | 200 (14%) | |||||
| 20–29 min/day | 49 (8%) | 46 (10%) | 154 (8%) | 131 (9%) | |||||
| At least 30 min/day | 30 (5%) | 52 (11%) | 137 (7%) | 160 (11%) | |||||
| Exercise, n (%), n = 2548 | < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.798 | p = 0.015 | p = 0.009 | ||||
| Never | 65 (10%) | 55 (9%) | 226 (12%) | 169 (9%) | |||||
| Irregular | 172 (27%) | 117 (18%) | 496 (26%) | 475 (25%) | |||||
| 1–2 times per week | 223 (35%) | 216 (34%) | 661 (35%) | 589 (31%) | |||||
| 3–5 times per week | 163 (26%) | 215 (34%) | 458 (24%) | 586 (31%) | |||||
| At least 6 times per week | 14 (2%) | 34 (5%) | 70 (4%) | 92 (5%) | |||||
| Diet habits, n (%), n = 2548 | < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.398 | p = 0.62 | p = 0.23 | ||||
| Very poor | 10 (2%) | 1 (0%) | 34 (2%) | 4 (0%) | |||||
| Poor | 50 (8%) | 18 (3%) | 165 (9%) | 46 (2%) | |||||
| Neither poor nor good | 238 (37%) | 146 (23%) | 652 (34%) | 475 (25%) | |||||
| Good | 302 (47%) | 395(62%) | 927 (49%) | 1145 (60%) | |||||
| Very good | 37 (6%) | 77 (12%) | 133 (7%) | 238 (13%) | |||||
| Alcohol habits, n (%), n = 2518 | < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.690 | p = 0.020 | p = 0.015 | ||||
| Very poor | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 6 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |||||
| Poor | 32 (5%) | 12 (3%) | 87 (5%) | 68 (5%) | |||||
| Neither poor nor good | 353 (56%) | 181 (39%) | 1065 (57%) | 606 (43%) | |||||
| Good | 182 (29%) | 168 (36%) | 563 (30%) | 513 (36%) | |||||
| Very good | 65 (10%) | 101 (22%) | 164 (9%) | 237 (17%) | |||||
| Overall stress, n (%), n = 2548 | 0.011 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.038 | p = 0.04 | p = 0.87 | ||||
| Very often | 12 (2%) | 13 (2%) | 31 (2%) | 23 (1%) | |||||
| Often | 68 (11%) | 54 (9%) | 168 (9%) | 128 (7%) | |||||
| Now and then | 242 (38%) | 220 (35%) | 688 (36%) | 640 (36%) | |||||
| Occasionally | 259 (41%) | 274 (43%) | 824 (43%) | 870 (46%) | |||||
| Never | 56 (9%) | 75 (12%) | 199 (10%) | 250 (13%) | |||||
| Overall health, n (%), n = 2548 | 0.006 | p = 0.039 | p = 0.032 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | ||||
| Very poor | 3 (1%) | 2 (0%) | 8 (0%) | 5 (0%) | |||||
| Poor | 34 (5%) | 46 (7%) | 68 (4%) | 75 (4%) | |||||
| Neither poor nor good | 173 (27%) | 191 (30%) | 493 (26%) | 447 (23%) | |||||
| Good | 364 (57%) | 346 (55%) | 1102 (58%) | 1120 (59%) | |||||
| Very good | 63 (10%) | 50 (8%) | 239 (13%) | 264 (14%) | |||||
| Physical capacitya, median (Q1-Q3), n = 2548 | 16 (13 to 19) | 15 (13 to 18) | < 0.001 | 17 (14 to 20) | 15 (13 to 18) | p < 0.001 | p = 0.061 | p = 0.08 | p = 0.98 |
| BMI, kg/m2, median (Q1-Q3), n = 2546 | 26 (24 to 28) | 26 (24 to 29) | < 0.001 | 25 (23 to 28) | 26 (24 to 28) | p < 0.001 | p = 0.026 | p = 0.01 | p < 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean (SD), n = 2535 | 130 (16) | 129 (14) | 0.60 | 127 (15) | 130 (16) | p < 0.001 | p = 0.20 | p = 0.20 | p = 0.009 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg, mean (SD), n = 2539 | 80 (11) | 80 (10) | 0.58 | 79 (10) | 81 (10) | p < 0.001 | p = 0.01 | p = 0.05 | p = 0.15 |
awatt/Borg RPE-6