Fig. 2.

Overview of the clinical use of liquid biopsy in bladder cancer. Sample analysis of bladder cancer biomarkers early in the disease process allows for early diagnosis and risk stratification. After receiving surgery, liquid biopsy can detect minimal residual disease as a prognostic indicator and allow early detection of recurrent disease. During treatment, liquid biopsy can enhance longitudinal surveillance through its noninvasive approach, thus enabling continuous sampling. In addition, liquid biopsies have the advantage of capturing the entire tumor genome, which can help identify novel genetic markers for targeted therapy and detect treatment resistance