Table 3.

Result summary table.

	Author & Year	Location	Migrant Origins	Sample	Ages	Measure	Risk Factors	Protective Factors	Mental/ Emotional/ Behavioral symptoms	Relevant Findings	Objectives (listed 3.1)
1	Akkaya-Kalayci, et al. (2015)	Turkey	Turkey	165 internal migrants, 45 locals	6–18	Clinical Records Emergency Psychiatric Clinic	Cultural distance		Suicide, depression	21.05% of patients born in Istanbul. 78.95% migrated internally. 32.06% from Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia, areas with highest cultural differences to Istanbul.	4
2	Akkaya-Kalayci, et al. (2017)	Austria	Turkey, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia	800 locals, 293 migrants	4–18	Clinical Records Emergency Psychiatric Clinic	Cultural distance, language barrier, family conflict, acculturation stress	Medical resources	Suicide, depression, acute stress disorder, behavioral problems	Significant differences found in reason for referral by nationality (p<.001). Austrian children referred for acute stress disorder (20.9%), Turkish patients for attempted suicide (23.1%), and Serbian/ Croatian/ Bosnian children for acute stress disorder (19.0%).	4, 5
3	Axelsson et al. (2020)	Sweden	Various	1267,938 locals; 6133 unaccompanied migrant minors; 54,326 accompanied migrant minors	18.33 mean	National databases	Limited access to social system	Unaccompanied minor status	ADHD, depression, PTSD, OCD, anxiety	Unaccompanied children had a higher likelihood and quicker average time to seek psychiatric help than accompanied migrants (p<.001), as well as outpatient care (p<.001). Unaccompanied refugee children have closer ties to the healthcare system and less barriers to access care.	1, 4
4	Beiser, Puente-Duran, & Hou (2015)	Canada	Various	2074 migrants	11–13	Self-report questionnaires	Cultural distance, resettlement stress, low parental mental health, SES	Social skills, warm parenting, resilience	Stress, depression	Larger cultural differences between country of origin and destination correlate with more negative emotions than smaller cultural distances (p<.001). Migrations with larger cultural distances characterized by higher resettlement stress (p<.001). Social competence skills and warm parenting mitigated some of the adverse effects. No significant differences between two subgroups found in depression scores.	3
5	Bianchi et al. (2021)	Italy	Various	201 locals, 48 migrants	9–18	Global Negative Self-Evaluation Scale, Classmate Social Isolation Questionnaire, Academic Achievement	School dropout intention, low school achievement, low SES	Social support, group belonging	Self-esteem	Peer acceptance at school was a protective factor to reduce school dropout intention (p=.02) and negative self-esteem (p<.001) among migrants.	1
6	Blázquez et al. (2015)	Spain	Various	43 migrants	14.59 mean	Psychiatric assessment	Parental separation, family breakdown, sexual abuse, physical abuse, verbal abuse, premigration trauma		Psychotic disorder, schizophrenia, affective disorder, depression, eating disorders, conduct disorders, PTSD	Migrants from Latin America displayed primarily diagnoses in psychotic disorders (27.6%), depressive disorder (20.7%), and bipolar disorder (17.3%). Migrants from Africa were primarily diagnoses with psychotic disorders (40%). Migrants from Asia were primarily diagnosed with psychotic disorders (50%) and anxiety disorders (50%).	5
7	Buchanan et al. (2018)	Australia	Various	106 refugees, 223 migrants	13–21	Self-report questionnaires	Premigratory trauma, low parental education levels, school adjustment, discrimination, language barriers, forced migration	Peer community, positive future outlook	Low self-esteem	Pre-migratory environment and migratory motivation differentiated groups of migrants and refugees significantly. Refugee children reported lower levels of self-esteem (p=.001) and school adjustment (p<.001) than migrant children.	2
8	Cameron, Frydenberg, & Jackson (2018)	Australia	Various	38 refugees, 19 migrants, 20 locals	12–18	Self-report questionnaires	Discrimination, peer conflict, premigratory trauma	Group belonging, peer support, religious beliefs	Stress, nonproductive coping strategies	Refugees were more likely to refer to others (peers, professionals, and deities) to cope with stressful situations like interpersonal conflict and discrimination than other groups (p=.001). Previous exposure to stressful life events was significantly associated with nonproductive coping strategies in interpersonal conflict (p<.001).	2, 4
9	Caqueo-Urízar et al. (2021)	Chile	Latin America	292 migrants	8–18	Child and Adolescent Assessment System, Child and Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM-12), Acculturation Stress Source Scale (FEAC)	Acculturation stress	Resilience, integration, interpersonal skills	Stress	Integration and social competence have significant associations with resilience (p <0.001) and indirect associations with acculturation stress (p=.009).	1
10	Celik et al. (2019)	Turkey	Syria	125 migrants, 168 locals	7–10	Demographic data form, Spielberger State and Trait Anxiety Inventory, Koppitz Draw-A-Person Test	Premigratory trauma, witnessing warfare		Anxiety	Migrants had higher anxiety scores than locals (p=.001). Locals displayed higher levels of shyness (p<.005).	4, 5
11	Cleary et al. (2018)	USA	Latin America	101 migrants	12–17	Traumatic Events Screening Inventory for Children (TESI-C), PHQ-9-Spanish, Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS), Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS) (all in Spanish)	Premigratory trauma, postmigratory trauma		PTSD, depression, anxiety	44% experienced at least one traumatic event, 23% experienced two or more traumatic events. 59% experienced the traumatic event in their country of origin, 20% experienced a traumatic event during migration, 18% experienced it in the USA. 39% experienced a natural disaster, 34% experienced an injury/accident, 21% witnessed violence. There were significant correlations between experiencing traumatic events during and postmigration and PTSD (p<.001) and depression (p<.01). There was a significant correlation between premigratory trauma and anxiety (p<.01).	2, 3
12	Cotter et al. (2019)	Ireland	Various	8110 locals, 458 migrants	9–13	Open access data of GUI (2006–7 study “Growing up in Ireland”)	Early life stressors, parents in prison, death of close family member, language barrier		Psychopathology, ADHD	No significant difference in psychopathology reports. Migrant children experienced significantly more stressful life events than non-migrant counterparts (p<.01). A greater proportion of migrant children showed hyperactivity problems in childhood (p =0.04).	3, 4
13	Duinhof et al. (2020)	Netherlands	Various	5283 locals, 1054 migrants	11–16	Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), Dutch Health and Behavior in School Aged Children (HBSC) data	Family affluence, peer conflict		Behavioral problems, ADHD	Migrant children reported lower family affluence than locals (p<.001) more conduct problems (p<.001), more peer relationship problems (p<.001), less hyperactivity-inattention problems (p<.001).	3, 4
14	Elsayed et al. (2019)	Canada	Syria	103 refugees	5–13	Self-report questionnaires, individual interviews with children and mothers	Daily hassles, premigratory stressors, parent life stressors	Family routines	Emotional regulation, stress	Children who engaged in more family routines after migrating scored better in anger regulation to stressors and daily hassles (p<.05). No significant difference in sadness regulation, authors suggest a larger impact of pre-migratory factors than their post-migratory experiences.	1, 5
15	Fang, Sun, & Yuen (2016)	China	China	301 internal migrants	10–18	Self-report questionnaires	Economic stress, access to resources, school resources	Friendships, school satisfaction, self-esteem, hope	Positive future outlook, acculturation	Hope for the future and teacher support were significant mediators to school satisfaction (p<.001 and p<.001). Positive academic outcomes were most influenced by positive family relationships (p<.01).	1
16	Gao et al. (2015)	China	China	808 migrants in private school, 211 migrants in public school, 447 locals in public school	9–15	Self-report questionnaires	Parental education level, SES, access to resources, school resources	Educational resources, family satisfaction, school satisfaction	Externalizing and internalizing problems, depression	Migrant children attending private schools reported significantly more externalizing problems (p<.001), more internalizing problems (p<.001), lower family satisfaction (p<.001), lower friend satisfaction (p<.001), lower school satisfaction (p<.001), lower environment satisfaction (p<.001), and lower self-satisfaction (p<.001). Migrant children attending public schools and local children did not differ in scoring for items: externalizing problems, friend satisfaction, and school satisfaction.	3, 4
17	Grasser et al. (2021)	USA	Iraq	48 refugees	6–17	Self-report questionnaires, UCLA PTSD RI, SCARED	Forced migration		Post-traumatic stress, anxiety	38% scored possible anxiety score. 87.5% scored positive for separation anxiety. 9.5% had positive PTSD scores. 37.5% scored possible panic/somatic symptoms. No significant correlation between symptoms and age.	5
18	Jia & Liu (2017)	China	China	854 rural migrants	13.34 mean	Perceived Discrimination Scale for Chinese Migrant Adolescents, Classmate Climate Inventory, Child Behavior Checklist-Youth-Self-Report	Perceived discrimination, access to resources, school resources	Social support	Antisocial behavior	Perceived discrimination for rural migrants was positively correlated with antisocial behavior (p<.001) and negatively correlated with teacher support (p<.001) and classmate support (p<.001). Antisocial behavior was negatively associated with teacher support (p<.001) and classmate support (p<.001).	3, 5
19	Jore, Oppedal & Biele (2020)	Norway	Various	557 unaccompanied refugees	<18	Self-report questionnaire, Revised Social anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A), Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Youth Culture Competence Scale (YCSS)	Premigratory trauma, discrimination	Cultural competence	Social anxiety, depression	79% reported at least 1 premigratory traumatic event and 50.9% reported experiencing 3 or more. There was no significant relation between premigration traumatic events and social anxiety. Social anxiety was significantly related to discrimination (p<.001) and depression (p<.001).	2, 3
20	Keles et al. (2017)	Norway	Various	229 refugees	13–18	Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for adolescents, YCC Hassles Battery	Acculturation hassles, unaccompanied minor, economic hardship, peer conflict, achievement conflict, perceived discrimination, ethnic identity crisis, premigratory trauma	Length of stay	Depression	Significant relation between depressive symptoms and acculturation hassles remaining strong over each of the three observations over time (p<.001 each time). Relationship between depressive symptoms and premigratory war-related trauma decreased each time participants were observed (p<.001, p.<01, and then insignificant).	2
21	Keles et al. (2018)	Norway	Various	918 refugees	13–18	Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for adolescents, YCC Hassles Battery, Host Culture Competence and Heritage Culture Competence	Acculturation hassles, premigratory trauma, unaccompanied minors	Host culture competence, heritage culture competence, length of stay	Depression	Participants were classified as resilient (142), vulnerable (148), clinical (212), and healthy (362) (50 as inconclusive) according to scores in a combination of measures. 58% of participants were in healthy and resilient clusters. Healthy group participants had stayed significantly longer in Norway (p=.021) and had less acculturation hassle experiences (p=.030).	3
22	Khamis (2019)	Lebanon, Jordan	Syria	1000 refugees	7–18	Interviews: Trauma Exposure Scale, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale Short Form (DERS-SF), Kidcope, Family Environment Scale, School Environment Scale (SES)	Premigratory traumatic events	time in host country, family relationships, school environments	PTSD, emotion dysregulation	45.6% of the refugees developed PTSD with excessive risk for comorbidity with emotion dysregulation. PTSD was associated with the host country, 3.31 times more children resettled in Lebanon tested positive for PTSD than those in Jordan (p<.0001). The prevalence of PTSD diagnoses was lower in children who had spent more time in their host country.	2, 4, 5
23	Kumi-Yeboah & Smith (2017)	USA	Ghana	60 migrants	16–20	Semi-structured individual interviews and focus group interviews	Discrimination, language barrier, educational system	Social support, resilience	Acculturation	Migrant students reported positive attitudes toward school, holding high aspirations, and being optimistic about the future. Participants reported the importance of teachers’ and counselors’ support in helping them adjust to new academic demands and cultural environment to improve their academic work. Children reported tense relations with peers, specifically with African American classmates, which contributed to cultural challenges and minimal social integration.	1
24	Liu & Zhao (2016)	China	China	798 internal migrants	12–17	Self-report questionnaire, Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure, Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale	Perceived discrimination, parental education levels, access to resources, school resources	Group identity and belonging	Low self-esteem, low levels of life satisfaction	Psychological well-being measured through two variables (life satisfaction and self-esteem) and found they correlated negatively with perceived discrimination (p<.001 for both) and positively with “group identity affirmation and belonging” (p<.001 and p<.01 respectively). The length of residence in the city was positively associated with life satisfaction and self-esteem (p<.001 for both), and negatively with perceived discrimination (p<.01). Children in private schools perceived more discrimination (p<.001) and had lower levels of self-esteem (p<.001) and life satisfaction (p<.001) than children in public schools.	1, 3
25	Lo et al. (2018)	China	China	741 urban locals, 497 rural migrants	13–14	Self-report questionnaires	Conflictual parental relationship, conflict with peers, economic strain, educational strain, access to resources, school resources	Social support	Emotional distress, depression, delinquent behavior	Chinese students’ delinquency level was low in both groups. No statistically significant differences between the two groups were found in measures of either minor or serious delinquency. Rural migrants generated significantly higher measures for community disorganization (p=.04), mistreatment by teachers (p=.01), violent victimization (p=.03), educational strain (p=.04), and emotional distress (p<.01). They also had weaker parent-child relationships (p<.01) and knew a greater number of delinquent peers (p<.01).	3, 4
26	Longobardi, Veronesi, & Prino (2017)	Italy	Northern Africa	19 migrants	16–17	Strengths and difficulties questionnaire, Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children, ISPCAN Child abuse screening tool, Child and Youth Resilience Measure	Conflict with peers, premigratory trauma, postmigratory trauma, unaccompanied minors	Resilience, religious beliefs, social skills	Post-traumatic stress, anxiety, dissociation, depression	Participants had average scores in questionnaires regarding conduct problems, hyperactivity, emotional symptoms, prosocial behavior, anger, sexual concerns, resilience, and experiences of abuse. Scores in peer problems, post-traumatic stress, dissociation, anxiety, and depression differed from mean scores of the average Italian population by more than 1 SD.	1, 5
27	Martínez García & Martín López (2015)	Spain	Latin America	19 migrants	16–19	Semi-structured interviews	Conflict with peers, discrimination, low SES, conflict with parents, gang participation		Feelings of lack of safety	Young male members of violent gangs reported leaving their countries between 8 and 14 years old. None were consulted about the decision to emigrate; some were against it. The children reported difficulties integrating into the new culture due to doubts about emigration, loss of emotional reference points in country of origin, and weak relations with relatives living in Spain. Participants reported one or both of two reasons for joining violent groups: the group would facilitate positive relationships and/or it would increase their sense of safety.	2, 3
28	McEwen, Alisic, Jobson (2022)	Australia	Various	85 refugees	16–25	PMLD, Everyday Discrimination Scale, SLE, MIAS, RATS, HSCL-37A, CYRM-R	Discrimination, male gender	Resilience	PTSD, internalizing behavior	80% of participants scored high in PTSD symptoms. 55.29% scored high on internalizing symptoms. 84.42% scored low resilience. Males had more experiences than females of discrimination (p=.02). Males reported significantly lower resilience than females (p=.03).	5, 3
29	Müller et al. (2019)	Germany	Various	98 refugees	16.28 mean	Child and Adolescent Trauma Screen (CATS), Hopkins Symptom Checklist-37 (HSCL-37A), Everyday Resources and Stressors Scale	Witnessing violence, experiencing war, premigratory trauma, migratory trauma		PTSD	All children had experienced at least 1 traumatic event. Children reported on average 8.82 traumatic experiences. The most common traumatic event (96.6%) was a dangerous migration such as traveling in a small, crowded boat. 75% witnessed low level violence, 78.6% witnessed medium level of violence, 76.5% witnessed high level of violence. 76.5% experienced hunger and thirst for several days. 64.3% experienced war. 85.7% experienced interpersonal violence (such as within their family). 56.1% scored in clinical levels of PTSS, and 29.6% fulfilled criteria for PTSD.	2, 5
30	Ni et al. (2016)	China	China	1306 rural migrants	9–19	Self-report questionnaire, Bicultural Identity Integration Scale (BIIS- 1), Index of Sojourner Social Support, Subjective Happiness Scale	SES, access to resources, school resources	Social support, identity integration	Well-being	Identity integration significantly related to social support (p<.01) and subjective well-being (p<.01). Social support positively associated with subjective well-being (p<.01). Migrant children attending public schools reported higher identity integration compared to children attending private schools (p<.01), and higher scores in subjective well-being (p<.01).	1
31	O'Donoghue et al. (2021)	Australia	Various	277 migrants, 853 locals	15–24	Clinical psychosis diagnosis	Geographic area, cultural distance, drug use, premigratory trauma, asylum seeking		Psychotic disorder, schizophrenia	23.1% of migrants received a schizophrenia diagnosis compared to only 15.5% of locals. Migrants (15.5%) reported less methamphetamine abuse than locals (30.8%). Migrants from North Africa and the Middle East presented an increased risk for developing psychotic disorder (p=.06). Migrants from New Zealand showed no increased risk in being diagnosed with psychotic disorder.	4, 5
32	Öztürk & Güleç Keskin (2021)	Turkey	Syria, Iraq	200 migrants	6–17	CDI, Demographic information form	Forced migration		Depression	35% lost their relatives before and during migration. 35.5% stated that they missed their country. Participant scores did not indicate levels of depression. There was a significant relation between high depression scores and death of their father (p=.011), mother who was the primary breadwinner (p=.003), poor academic scores (p=.000), poor relationships with peers (p=.000), loss of a relative (p=.000), low satisfaction with new environment (p=.000), low adaptation (p=.000).	2, 4, 5
33	Pfeiffer et al. (2019)	Germany	Various	419 refugees	8–21	Child and Adolescent Trauma Screen (CATS)	Premigratory trauma, unaccompanied migration		PTSD, psychosomatic symptoms	90.7% of participants were male. Children had experienced an average of 7.47 traumatic events. The average CATS score was above the clinical cut-off. PTSD symptoms such as nightmares, psychological reactivity, and concentration problems were highly connected to exposure to traumatic events.	2, 3, 5
34	Posselt et al. (2015)	Australia	Various	30 refugees	12–25	Semi-structured interviews	Premigratory trauma, family conflict, acculturation, language barrier, educational strain, employment obstacles, access to resources		Maladaptive coping strategies, self-medication	Participants reported barriers in finding employment due to differences in language, culture, and education. Refugees reported high availability of substances, which led to ease of use as maladaptive coping strategies and self-medication. Reported changes in intra-family roles, father could no longer provide, and children had to work. Reported experiences of discrimination.	3
35	Salas-Wright et al. (2016)	USA	Various	23,334 locals; 1723 migrants	12–17	National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH)	Exposure to drugs, alcohol, delinquency, age of arrival, family income	School engagement, cohesive parental relationships, length of stay	Externalizing behavior	Migrants who had been in the US for five or more years were less likely to attack to injure (p<.05), to sell drugs (p<.05), and to use substances (p<.05). Those who arrived age 12 or older were less likely to get into serious fights (p<.05), to attack to injure (p<.05), to sell drugs (p<.05), and to use illicit drugs (p<.05). Those who arrived before turning 12 were less likely to attack to injure (p<.05), to sell drugs (p<.05), to carry a handgun (p<.05), to bring on alcohol or drugs (p<.05). Migrants who had lived in the US for five years or more had lower levels of parental conflict (p<.05), more school engagement (p<.05), and higher levels of disapproval of marijuana use (p<.05).	3, 4
36	Samara et al. (2020)	UK	Various	149 refugees, 120 locals	6–16	Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, Self-report questionnaire	Premigratory trauma, bullying	Friendships	PTSD, behavioral problems, self-esteem, psychosomatic	Young refugee children reported more peer problems (p<.001), functional impairment (p<.001), physical illness (p<.01), and psychosomatic problems (p<.01) compared to locals. But older refugee children had lower self-esteem compared to the younger children (p<.05). The differences were explained by friendship quality and number of friends.	4
37	Sánchez-Teruel et al. (2020)	Spain	Africa	326 unaccompanied males	18–23	14 Item Resilience Scale (RS-14), Hope Herth Index, General Self-efficacy Scale GSE, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) (in Spanish)	Unaccompanied minors	Employment	Resilience, self-efficacy, depression, anxiety	Having a job was the best predictor of high resilience (p<.01) and high self-efficacy (p<.01). Hope was related to interconnectedness (p<.01) and social support (p<.01). High resilience was related to hope (p<.05), and negatively correlated to anxiety (p<.01) and depression (p<.05).	1, 3
38	Schapiro et al. (2018)	USA	Latin America	56 migrants	15.5 mean	Health screening questionnaire	Premigratory trauma, caseworker language barriers, death of family member, lack of social support, unaccompanied minors	Early health and psychological screening, family	Adjustment disorder, depressive mood, anxiety	28 (50%) reported academics as an asset to adapting, 15 (26.8%) mentioned sports, 14 (25%) pointed to good family relationships. 10 (17.9%) thought their good personality or feeling happy was their strong point. 39 children (69.9%) stated they were living with parents and 17 (30.1%) with older siblings or other relatives because they had migrated alone.	1
39	Schlaudt, Suarez-Morales, & Black (2021)	USA	Latin America	89 migrants	10–16	Revised Children's Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS), Acculturative Stress Inventory for Children (ASIC), Children's Automatic Thoughts Scale (CATS), Children's Acceptance and Mindfulness Measure (CAMM)	Negative automatic thoughts, language barriers, acculturative stress, SES, educational resources	Mindfulness	Anxiety	There was a relation between automatic thoughts and anxiety (p<.0001), introducing mindfulness did not have a significant moderating effect. Mindfulness reduced the relationship of acculturative stress to automatic thoughts (p<.0001), but it increased the connection of acculturative stress with anxiety. Acculturative stress and anxiety were significantly related (p=.0005). Mindfulness moderated the relationship (p=.048).	1, 3
40	Sleijpen et al. (2016)	Netherlands	Northern Africa	111 migrants	12–17	Posttraumatic Growth Inventory for Children, Children's Impact of Event Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, The Life Orientation Test, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale.	Traumatic events, negative future outlook, length of stay	Social support, perceived posttraumatic growth	Life satisfaction	Participants experienced on average 8 potentially traumatic events. They reported high levels of PTSD. Perceived posttraumatic growth and PTSD symptoms were not found to be related. Perceived posttraumatic growth was positively associated with dispositional optimism (p<.01) and social support (p<.01). Dispositional optimism (p<.05) and social support (p<.05) positively predicted perceived posttraumatic growth. Perceived posttraumatic growth was positively related to satisfaction with life (p<.01). Length of stay had a negative relationship with satisfaction with life (p<.01).	3, 5
41	Spaas et al. (2022)	Belgium, Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Norway	Various	883 refugees, 483 non-refugee migrants	11–24	CRIES-8, SDQ (2001), questionnaire designed for study about overall well-being, family separation, and questions extracted from "Daily Stressors Scale for Young Refugees", questions extracted from Brief PErceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire (PEDQ)	family separation, perceived discrimination, female gender, older age, daily material stress, refugee experience		PTSD, internalizing behavior, externalizing behavior, stress	Refugees were more likely than non-refugee migrants to score within clinical range of PTSS (p=.001). 44.7% of refugees scored in the clinical range and 32.4% of non-refugees. 7.6% of refugees and 10.3% scored high in behavioral difficulties. 8.9% of refugees and 10.5% of non-refugees scored high on emotional problems, 6.2% of refugees and 8.2% of non-refugees scored high on conduct problems, 10.3 % of refugees and 11.3% of non-refugees scored high on peer problems, and 3.3% of refugees and 5.1% of non-refugees scored low on prosocial behavior with no significant differences between groups. 5.5% of refugees and 8.8% of non-refugees scored in hyperactivity, non-refugee migrants were more likely to score within a high range (p=.025). Perceived discrimination was associated with PTSS, internalizing behavior, externalizing behavior for all participants (p<.001 for all).	2, 3, 4
42	Stark et al. (2022)	USA	Various	205 locals, 152 migrants	15.65 mean	Survey	Stressful life events	Hope, school belonging, resilience	Suicidal ideation	Suicide ideation and resilience were negatively correlated (p<.001). Children with greater hope (p<.001) and school belonging (p<.001) reported higher resilience, while lower levels of school belonging correlated with higher levels of suicide ideation (p=.009). More stressful life events were associated with suicide ideation (p<.001), while fewer were correlated with resilience (p=.003). Being born outside the United States was associated with suicide ideation (p<.015), with this finding driven by those from the Middle East and North Africa region, who faced significantly increased risk of suicide ideation (p=.036).	3, 4, 5
43	Stevens et al. (2015)	Europe, North America	Various	4053 migrants; 42,941 locals	11–15	Self-report questionnaire	Conflict with peers	Family affluence	Violent behavior, psychosomatic symptoms, life satisfaction	More emotional and behavioral problems were found in migrant sample than locals, as well as experiences of bullying. Migrant male children reported higher levels of physical fighting than local peers (p<.01). Differences in indicators of emotional and behavioral problems between migrant and native children did not vary significantly by receiving country. Lower levels of life satisfaction were found in migrants than locals (p<.01).	4
44	Tello et al. (2017)	USA	Central America	16 refugees	10–23	Counseling sessions	Unaccompanied minors, premigratory trauma, traumatic migration, delayed postmigration resettlement, discrimination	Early psychological intervention, religious beliefs, social support	Feelings of powerlessness, PTSD, depression, emotional and behavioral problems	The study identified three themes about what led participants to leave home: to help the family financially, to escape gang violence and death, and feelings of powerlessness. Participants described feeling loss of control and fleeing to take hold of their future. Present concerns included fear that discrimination would impact their ability to stay in the U.S. or cause them to be deported. Participants considered these concerns about their future to be directly related to a loss of future hope.	2
45	Titzmann & Jugert (2017)	Germany	Various	480 recent migrants, 483 longtime migrants	11–19	Self-report questionnaires	Discrimination	Language proficiency, academic achievement, social support, parental education, length of stay	Self-efficacy	Newcomers reported lower family financial security (p<.01), less social support (p<.01), less language use (p<.01), and more discrimination hassles (p<.01) than experienced migrants. Authors conclude that the transition to another country is related to a drop in self-efficacy, but with a subsequent recovery period.	3
46	Yayan & Düken (2019)	Turkey	Syria	738 refugees	7–18	CPTS‐RI, CDI, STAIC‐T (in Arabic)	Parental illiteracy, socioeconomic status, poor physical health, parental death	State support	PTSD, depression, anxiety	Boys had significantly higher depression scores than girls (p<.005). Children without health problems had lower depression scores than children suffering from respiratory disease or anemia (p<.001). Anxiety, depression, and PTSD scores were higher in children who had lost a parent (p<.001), as well as for those whose mothers or fathers were illiterate (p<.001), and for those who had lower socioeconomic status (p<.001). There was a highly significant relationship between anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress (p<.01).	2, 3, 5
47	Ye et al. (2016)	China	China	384 migrants in public school, 337 migrants in private school	10.22 mean	Self-report questionnaires	Access to government resources, school resources, peer conflict, discrimination	Resilience, social support	Depression, well-being	Migrant children who could only enroll in the private school reported more verbal victimization (p=.01), more property victimization (p=.00), more depressive symptoms (p=.00), less social resources (p=.00), and less personal assets (capacity to cope with difficulties) (p=.00) than migrant children in public school. Peer victimization was positively associated with depressive symptoms (p<.001) and negatively associated with resilience (p<.001). Depressive symptoms and resilience were negatively correlated (p<.001).	3, 5
48	Ying et al. (2019)	China	China	437 internal migrants	10.87 mean	Self-report questionnaires	Access to resources, school resources, low SES, loneliness	Parental warmth, parent communication	Loneliness, depression	Economic pressure was positively correlated with loneliness (p<.01) and negatively correlated with parental warmth (p<.01). Loneliness was negatively correlated with parental warmth (p<.01). Maternal education level was positively correlated with parental warmth (p<.05) and mutual understanding of communication (p<.05), and negatively correlated with economic pressure (p<.05) and loneliness (p<.05).	3