FIGURE 14.

Example of early assessment of the response to NAC using dynamic contrast‐enhanced imaging (DCE‐MRI). 37‐year‐old patient with a G3, triple negative invasive ductal carcinoma of the right breast (arrows, same case shown in Figure 4). (a–c) = pre‐NAC examinations; (d–f) = early assessment examination after two cycles of cytotoxic NAC. Ktrans (a and d), Kep (b and e), and Ve (c and f) maps. Early assessment showed a reduction of Ktrans (286 vs. 83.9 min⁻¹) and kep (91.49 vs. 20.14 min⁻¹ × 100) with a slight increase of Ve (275.34 vs. 308.08 × 1000) signal intensity on ADC maps (c) compared to the pre‐treatment examination (f). Pathological complete response was proved at pathology examination after surgical resection. Reprinted under a Creative Commons (CC BY 4.0) license from: Romeo V, Accardo G, Perillo T, Basso L, Garbino N, Nicolai E, Maurea S, Salvatore M. Assessment and Prediction of Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer: A Comparison of Imaging Modalities and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(14):3521.