IR enhances GPX4 expression by increasing the transcription of GPX4. (a–b) The relative GPX4 mRNA measurement in MDA-MB-231 cells (a) or MCF-7 (b) treated with IR at the indicated intensities and times. Data are the mean ± s.d.; n = 3 biologically independent experiments. Statistical analysis was performed using an unpaired two-tailed Student's t-test. (c–d) An immunoblot showing the expression of GPX4 in MDA-MB-231 cells (c) or MCF-7 (d) treated with IR at the indicated intensities and times. Data are representative of n = 3 biologically independent experiments. (e, h) An immunoblot showing the expression of GPX4 in MDA-MB-231 (e) and MCF-7 (h) cells subjected to the indicated treatments. Data are representative of n = 3 biologically independent experiments. (f, g) Cell clone measurement (f) or lipid peroxidation measurement (g) in control or GPX4 knocked-down MDA-MB-231 cells subjected to the indicated treatments. For cell clone, 2 Gy IR; for lipid peroxidation measurement, 6 Gy IR. Data are the mean ± s.d.; n = 3 biologically independent experiments. Statistical analysis was performed using an unpaired two-tailed Student's t-test. (f, g) Cell clone measurement (f) or lipid peroxidation measurement (g) in control or GPX4 knocked-down MDA-MB-231 cells subjected to the indicated treatments. For cell clone, 2 Gy IR; for lipid peroxidation measurement, 6 Gy IR. Data are the mean ± s.d.; n = 3 biologically independent experiments. Statistical analysis was performed using an unpaired two-tailed Student's t-test. (i, j) Cell clone measurement (i) or lipid peroxidation measurement (j) in control or GPX4 knocked-down MCF-7 cells subjected to the indicated treatments. For cell clone, 2 Gy IR; for lipid peroxidation measurement, 6 Gy IR. Data are the mean ± s.d.; n = 3 biologically independent experiments. Statistical analysis was performed using an unpaired two-tailed Student's t-test. (k, l) An immunoblot showing the expression of NRF2 in MDA-MB-231 cells (k) or MCF-7 (l) treated with IR at the indicated intensities and times. Data are representative of n = 3 biologically independent experiments. (m, n) MDA-MB-231 cells treated with IR at the indicated intensities and times, then confocal microscopy of the cells was performed after staining with Nrf2 (green). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)