Figure 1.

Possible glial therapeutic targets in epilepsy.

The potential candidates targeting astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes are depicted in color-coded rectangles. For each depicted glial candidate, literature data have shown its contribution to epilepsy and the abnormal pattern of neuronal activity. Grey connecting lines depict the combined targets of different glial cell types for more effective therapeutic strategy. A1: Adenosine receptors; ADK: adenosine kinase; AQP4: aquaporin; Arg-1: arginase-1; ATP: adenosine 5′-triphosphate; C1q: complement cascade protein; EAAT1, EAAT2: excitatory amino acid transporters 1 and 2; GS: glutamine synthetase; IL-1β, 4, 6, 10: Interleukins-1β, 4, 6, 10; Kir4.1: inwardly rectifying K⁺ channel; P2Y1, P2Y12: purinergic receptors 1 and 12; TNFα: tumor necrosis factor α; TSP: thrombospondins.