Table 1.

Compilation of compact spectral imaging systems used in medical and biological applications. Cust., customized or commercial-off-the-shelf systems; Comm., commercialized systems that can be purchased; LED, light-emitting diode; PGP, prism-grating-prism; AOTF, acousto-optic tunable filter; IMS, image mapping spectrometer; LCTF, liquid crystal tunable filter; FPI, Fabry–Perot interferometer; SRDA, spectrally resolved detector array; CTIS, computed tomographic imaging spectrometer; SFDI, spatial frequency-domain imaging; CCD, charge-coupled device; CMOS, complementary metal oxide semiconductors; CVD, cardiovascular disease; AMD, age-related macular degeneration; E, ex vivo; I, in vivo; H, human; A, animal; P, phantom. Weight refers to the weight of the camera and the lens only, not including other optical systems that may be used in the acquisition of biological samples.

	System specifications							Biomedical application
Year	System	Acquisition mode	Dispersive device	Range (nm)	# Bands	Sensor	Weight (kg)	Procedure	Disease/process	Organs	I/E	Subject	Ref.
2001	Cust.	Spectral	Interference filters	400 to 635	4	CCD	<2.0	Monitoring	Basal cell carcinoma, Bowen’s diseases	Skin	I	H	21
2016	Cust.	Spectral	Filter wheel	460 to 690	9 to 20	CMOS	0.13	Diagnosis	Melanoma	Skin	I	H	22
2017	Comm.	Spatial	FPI mosaic	600 to 1000	100	CMOS	<0.5	Imaging	Cancer	Skin	I	A	23
2017	Comm.	Spectral	LED	414 to 995	8	CCD	0.5	Diagnosis	Melanoma	Skin	I	H	24
2018	Cust.	Spectral	LED	995 to 1613	6	InGaAs	<1.0	Diagnosis	Melanoma	Skin	I	H	25
2018	Cust.	Spectral	LED	405 to 964	4	NA	<1.0	Diagnosis	Melanoma	Skin	I	H	26
2019	Cust.	Snapshot	LVF	400 to 700	9	CMOS	<0.5	Monitoring	Skin cancer	Skin	I	H	27
2020	Cust.	Spectral	LED	405 to 940	9	CMOS	<1.0	Monitoring	Skin cancer, erythema	Skin	I	H	28
2017	Cust.	Spectral	LED	448 to 659	3	CMOS	<0.5	Diagnosis	Nevi, hemangiomas, seborrheic keratosis	Skin	I	H	29
2011	Cust.	Snapshot	Mosaic filter	540 to 970	4	CMOS, CCD	0.1	Monitoring	Skin ulcer wounds	Skin	I	H	30
2017	Comm.	Snapshot	Holographic grating	600 to 1000	32	NA	0.36	Monitoring	Skin ulcer wounds	Skin	I	H	31
2012	Comm.	Spectral	AOTF	550 to 1000	NA	CCD	<1.0	Imaging	—	Skin	E	A	32
2017	Comm.	Spatial	Grating	500 to 980	100	CMOS	<1.5	Monitoring	Wound healing	Skin	I	H	33
2018	Comm.	Spatial	Transmission grating	500 to 1000	100	CMOS	0.45	Monitoring	Wound healing	Skin	I	H	34
2021	Comm.	Spatial	Transmission grating	500 to 1000	100	CMOS	0.45	Monitoring	Burn wounds	Skin	I	H	35
2021	Comm.	Spatial	Transmission grating	500 to 1000	100	CMOS	0.45	Monitoring	Wound healing	Skin	I	H	36
2018	Cust.	Spectral	LED	395 to 940	13	CMOS	<2.0	Diagnosis	Erythema	Skin	I	H	37
2019	Cust.	Spectral	LED	453 to 663	8	CMOS	<0.5	Diagnosis	Seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis	Skin	I	H	38
2019	Comm.	Snapshot	SRDA	450 to 950	41	CCD	<0.5	Diagnosis	Necrosis	Skin	I	H	39
2019	Cust.	Snapshot	SRDA	470 to 630	16	CMOS	<0.5	Monitoring, diagnosis	Melanoma, vascular occlusion	Skin	I	H	40
2019	Comm.	Spectral	FPI interferometer	500 to 900	NA	CMOS	0.99	Diagnosis, monitoring	Vascular occlusion	Skin	I	H	41
2020	Cust.	Snapshot	Weiner estimation	482 to 506	16	CMOS	<0.5	Monitoring	Melanoma, vascular occlusion, CVD	Skin	I	H	42
2018	Comm.	Snapshot	Transmission grating	475 to 875	40	CMOS	0.36	Imaging	—		E	H	43
2013	Comm.	Spectral	Filter wheel	475 to 850	5	CCD	0.68	Detection	—	Veins	I	H	44
2012	Comm.	Spectral	AOTF	550 to 1000	NA	CCD	<1.0	Diagnosis	Head and neck cancer	Tongue	I	H	45
2013	Cust.	Snapshot	IMS	471 to 667	41	CCD	<1.0	Diagnosis	Head and neck cancer	Oral cavity	I	H	46
2020	Comm.	Spatial	SRDA	470 to 900	150+	CMOS	0.58	Diagnosis	Head and neck cancer	Thyroid, tongue, esophagus	E	H	47
2016	Comm.	Spatial	Grating	405 to 750	72	CMOS	NA	Diagnosis	Colorectal cancer	Colon	I, E	H	48
2019	Cust.	Spatial	LED	660 to 950	9	CMOS	NA	Diagnosis	Colorectal cancer	Colon	E	H	49
2018	Cust.	Spectral	SFDI	690 to 950	9	CMOS	<1.0	Diagnosis	Ovarian cancer	Ovaries	E	H, P	50
2016	Cust.	Spectral	LED	NA	10	CMOS	0.6	Diagnosis	Cervical cancer	Cervix	I	H	51,52
2019	Comm.	Snapshot	SRDA	450 to 950	41	CCD	<0.5	Diagnosis	Breast cancer	Breast tumor	E	H	53
2017	Comm.	Snapshot	Mosaic filter	460 to 630	16	CMOS	0.4	Diagnosis	Diabetic retinopathy	Retina	I	H	54
2017	Comm.	Snapshot	FPI mosaic	460 to 630	16	CMOS	<0.5	Diagnosis	Diabetic retinopathy	Retina	I	H	55
2016	Cust.	Spatial	Grating	480 to 705	NA	CCD	<1.0	Diagnosis	Alzheimer’s	Retina	I	A	56
2019	Comm.	Spatial	PGP	400 to 1000	467	CCD	1.1	Diagnosis	Alzheimer’s	Retina	I	H	57
2011	Comm.	Snapshot	CTIS	420 to 720	76	CMOS	<2.0	Diagnosis	AMD	Retina	I	H	58
2020	Cust.	Spectral	LED	405 to 700	9	CMOS	<0.5	Diagnosis	Chronic otitis media	Ear	E, I	P, H	59
2019	Comm.	Spatial	Transmission grating	400 to 1000	1004	CCD	0.68	Imaging	—		E	H	60
2011	Comm.	Spectral	LCTF	400 to 720	NA	CCD	0.375	Surgery	Tooth implant	Tooth	I	H	61
2016	Comm.	Spectral	LCTF	400 to 1700	NA	CCD, InGaAs	0.375	Surgery	Parotidectomy, colectomy, cystectomy	Facial nerve, colon, ureter.	I	H	62
2015	Comm.	Spectral	LCTF	400 to 720	NA	CCD	0.375	Surgery	Ischemia	Small bowel	I	H	63
2016	Comm.	Snapshot	FPI mosaic	481 to 632	16	CMOS	0.4	Surgery	Epilepsy	Cortex	I, E	H, P	64
2016	Cust.	Spectral	Spectral wheel	470 to 700	8	CCD	<2.0	Surgery	Colorectal cancer	Liver, gallbladder, colon, kidney	E	A	65
2019	Comm.	Spatial	PGP	400 to 1000	768	CMOS	1.8	Surgery	Colorectal cancer	Colon	E	H	66
	Comm.	Spatial	PGP	900 to 1700	240	InGaAs	4.4
2010	Comm.	Spatial	PGP	400 to 1000	NA	CCD	1.1	Surgery	Ischemia	Intestine	I	H	67
	Comm.	Spatial	PGP	900 to 1700	NA	InGaAs	1.5
2019	Comm.	Spatial	Transmission grating	500 to 1000	100	CMOS	0.45	Surgery	Colorectal resection	Colon	E	H	68
2018	Comm.	Spatial	Transmission grating	500 to 1000	100	CMOS	0.45	Surgery	Anastomotic insufficiency	Colon	E	H	69
2020	Cust.	Spatial	Transmission grating	500 to 1000	100	CMOS	0.26	Surgery	Head and neck cancer	Esophagus	E	P, H	70