Table 4.
Epidemiologic studies on the relationship between PCBs and NAFLD related biomarkers.
| Substance | Reference | Country | Population | Sample size | Biological materials | Measurement | Exposure assessment | Outcomes | Results | Adjustment factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCB | Midya et al. (72) | France, Greece, Lithuania, Norway, Spain, UK 2021–2022 | Mother–child pairs from the Human Early-Life Exposome project | 1,108 | Serum | GC-MS/MS | LOD used in NIPH PCB180: 0.91 pg./g PCB170: 0.61 pg./g PCB153: 0.61 pg./g PCB138: 0.61 pg./g PCB118: 0.31 pg./g | ALT, AST, GGT and CK-18 of children | A 1-quartile increase in prenatal exposure was associated with increased CK-18 for PCBs and constitute a potential risk factor for pediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. | Subcohort, maternal age, maternal prepregnancy BMI, maternal educational level, parity, child age, child sex |
| PCB | Rantakokko et al. (59) | Finland 2005–2010 | Kuopio Obesity Surgery Study | 161 | Serum | NR | Median ng/g lipid PCB-118: 15.2 (normal) 9.42(steatosis) 10.1(NASH) | Steatosis, lobel inflammation, ballooning, fibrosis, liver phenotype | PCB-118 was associated with NASH, lobular inflammation, few liver cell balloon, and S2-S3 steatosis grade at baseline. | Age, BMI, sex, fasting insulin |
| PCB | Clair et al. (73) | USA | ACHS adults | 738 | Serum | HRGC/HRMS | PCB congeners (28, 44, 49, 52, 66, 101, 105, 110, 128, 149, 151, 172, 178, 187, 195) | TASH, CK18 | TASH was associated with increased exposures to specific PCB congeners. | Age, BMI, gender, race, diabetes status, alcohol use, total lipid levels |
| PCB | Kumar et al. (74) | Sweden | Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (≥70 years) | 992 | Serum | HRGC–MS | PCB congeners (74, 99, 105, 118, 126, 138, 153, 156, 157, 169, 170, 180, 189, 194, 206, 209) | Bilirubin, ALP, ALT, GGT | PCBs was not associated with bilirubin, ALP, and GGT. PCB-74, 105, and 118 were found to be significant in positive direction with ALT. | Age, sex, kidney function, smoking BMI, education, physcial activity, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, systolic blood pressure, use of cardiovascular medication |
| PCB | Serdar et al. (65) | USA 2003–2004 | NHANES (>12 years) | 1,935 | Serum | HRGC/HRMS | PCB congeners | ALT, AST, GGT | Liver enzymes (AST, ALT, GGT) were significantly higher in the highest exposure groups of PCBs. ALP dropped as levels of PCBs increased. | Age, gender, relevant survey design, subsample, population weights |
| PCB | Christensen et al. (75) | USA 2003–2004 | NHANES (>12 years) | 1,345 | Serum | HRGC/HRMS | PCB congeners (DL and NDL) | ALT | The DL PCB, the NDL PCB were significant associated with elevated ALT. | Age, sex, race/ethnicity, income, BMI |
| PCB | Cave et al. (76) | USA 2003–2004 | NHANES adults | 4,582 | Serum | HRGC/HRMS | PCB congeners | ALT | 9 of coplanar PCBs (66, 74, 105, 118, 126, 156, 157, 167, 169) were positively associated with elevated ALT. 11 of NDL PCBs (138 and 158, 146, 151, 153, 170, 172, 177, 178, 183, 187, 196 and 203,) were positively associated with ALT elevation. | Age, race/ethnicity, sex, BMI, poverty income ratio, insulin resistance. |
GC-MS, gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry; GC-MS/MS, gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry; HRGC/HRMS, high-resolution gas chromatography/isotope dilution high-resolution mass spectrometry; HRGC-MS, high-resolution gas chromatograph coupled to mass spectrometry.