Table 3.

Differences in mid-gestational glucose concentrations (mg/dL) associated with 1 standard deviation increase of first trimester metals concentrations on log-transformed scale, estimated by multivariable linear regression models with interaction between Ba and other metals (As, Hg, Mg, Pb, and Se). Results from 1311 women in Project Viva.

	Estimate (95% confidence interval)
Ba tertile 2 vs 1	3.32 (−0.16, 6.80)
Ba tertile 3 vs 1	1.86 (−1.63, 5.36)
As in Ba tertile 1	−0.82 (−3.98, 2.35)
As in Ba tertile 2 vs 1	1.53 (−2.76, 5.81)
As in Ba tertile 3 vs 1	3.01 (−1.35, 7.37)
Hg in Ba tertile 1	−1.88 (−4.68, 0.92)
Hg in Ba tertile 2 vs 1	0.67 (−3.37, 4.71)
Hg in Ba tertile 3 vs 1	0.01 (−4.11, 4.14)
Mg in Ba tertile 1	1.19 (−1.54, 3.91)
Mg in Ba tertile 2 vs 1	−0.33 (−4.39, 3.72)
Mg in Ba tertile 3 vs 1	−1.82 (−5.89, 2.26)
Pb in Ba tertile 1	−2.64 (−5.30, 0.00)
Pb in Ba tertile 2 vs 1	0.24 (−3.39, 3.87)
Pb in Ba tertile 3 vs 1	3.95 (0.28, 7.61)
Se in Ba tertile 1	2.50 (−0.74, 5.74)
Se in Ba tertile 2 vs 1	−2.84 (−7.52, 1.85)
Se in Ba tertile 3 vs 1	−2.40 (−6.80, 2.01)

Note:

The multivariable linear regression model had As, Ba (tertile), Hg, Mg, Pb, Se, and interactions As*Ba, Mg*Ba, Se*Ba, Hg*Ba, and Pb*Ba as independent variables and controls for maternal age, self-identified race/ethnicity, pre-pregnancy BMI, GDM in prior pregnancy, smoking, maternal education, diabetes status of biological mother, and gestational week at blood collection for metals measurements. Ba concentrations were categorized as tertiles using log-transformed and standardized machine read value; Ba concentration (ng/g) for tertile 1 [<LOD, 2.30], tertile 2 (2.31, 4.77), tertile 3 (4.78, 59.20). “Ba tertile 1” showed the absolute effect estimates for each metal in the first tertile of Ba, while the estimates “Ba tertile 2 vs1” and “Ba tertile 3 vs 1” were the relative difference in effect estimates compared to tertile 1.

Abbreviations: Se, selenium; Hg, mercury; As, arsenic; Ba, barium; Mg, magnesium; Pb, lead.