Fig. 7. Summary and comparison of various surface pretreatment strategies for LMAs.

(A) Roadmap of major achievements in the field of surface engineering. (B to D) The panels on the upper row are the cycling performance of Li symmetric cell (current density and capacity is 1 mA cm⁻² and 1 mAh cm⁻², respectively) using the modified LMAs pretreated by different methods. The solid symbols represent using the ether-based electrolytes, while the hollow ones mean using the carbonate-based electrolytes. The panels on the nether row are the evaluation of these methods from five practical application metrics: protective efficiency, volume energy density, processing simplicity, cost effectiveness, and scalability.