Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Feb 16.
Published in final edited form as: Psychol Rev. 2022 Oct 6;130(6):1421–1456. doi: 10.1037/rev0000394

Table 1.

Mood induction methods used in mood-congruent memory studies

Induction Method Studies
Self-Referential Statements Direnfeld & Roberts, 2006; Kwiatkowski & Parkinson, 1994; Nasby, 1994, 1996; Rholes et al., 1987; Varner & Ellis, 1998
Memory Recall Berntsen, 2002; Erber & Erber, 1994; Fiedler et al., 2003; Forgas et al., 2005; Houston & Haddock, 2007; McFarland & Buehler, 1998; Öner & Gülgöz, 2018; Rusting & DeHart, 2000; Salovey & Singer, 1989
Suggestive Instruction Rinck et al., 1992
Mental Imagery Gayle, 1997; Rusting & DeHart, 2000
News Articles/Narratives Forgas, 1998; Pereg & Mikulincer, 2004; Ruci et al., 2009; Smith & Petty, 1995; Zhu et al., 2015
Drug Treatment Klaassen et al., 2002; Kumari et al., 1998
Odors Ehrlichman & Halpern, 1988
Task Feedback Demiray & Freund, 2017; McFarland & Buehler, 1998; Parrott & Sabini, 1990; Sakaki, 2004, 2007
Images Forgas, 1998; Hartig et al., 1999; Kaspar et al., 2015
Music Eich et al., 1994; Itoh, 2004; Martin & Metha, 1997; Miranda & Kihlstrom, 2005; Parrott, 1991; Parrott & Sabini, 1990; Pereg & Mikulincer, 2004; Setliff & Marmurek, 2002; Simpson & Sheldon, 2020; Storbeck & Clore, 2005; Tesoriero & Rickard, 2012; Zhang et al., 2017, 2019
Film Clips Bland et al., 2016; Boden & Baumeister, 1997; Bovy et al., 2020; Fiedler et al., 2001, 2003; Fitzgerald et al., 2011; Forgas et al., 2005; Greenberg & Meiran, 2014a, 2014b; Gupta & Khosla, 2006; Hansen & Shantz, 1995; Joormann & Siemer, 2004; Josephson et al., 1996; Kiefer et al., 2007; Knott & Thorley, 2014; Liu et al., 2008; Meeks et al., 2019; Nielson & Lorber, 2009; Smith & Petty, 1995; Wang & Ren, 2017; Zhang et al., 2018
Natural or Virtual Environments Hartig et al., 1999; Parrott & Sabini, 1990; Zhong et al., 2020
Combined Techniques Bullington, 1990; Drače et al., 2015; Drače, 2013; Drače & Desrichard, 2013; Hills et al., 2011; Knight et al., 2002; Lewis et al., 2005; Piñeyro et al., 2018; Pliner & Steverango, 1994; Rafienia et al., 2008; Ramel et al., 2007; Ridout et al., 2009; Rusting, 1999; Schredl et al., 2009; Veenstra et al., 2017; Wisco & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2009