TABLE 1.
Physicochemical characterization and application of NPs as delivery nano-platforms for phytochemicals.
| Refs | Drugs | Size (nm) | Nanoparticles | Diseases | Model used | Test sites | Biochemical measurements |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iglesias et al. (2019) | RES | 170 (± 90) nm | Chitosan-based composites | IBD | in vitro | — | — |
| Gandhi et al. (2020) | RES | — | Chitosan-based microsponges | Acetic acid-induced colitis | in vivo/vitro | Colon tissues | Mucosal ulceration↓, inflammatory cell infiltration↓, submucosal edema↓, goblet hyperplasia↓ |
| Pujara et al. (2021) | RES | 165 (± 2) nm | β-Lactoglobulin-Nanosphere-Encapsulated | Spontaneous colitis | in vivo/vitro | Colon tissues | IL-10↑, TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓, IL-17↓ |
| Naserifar et al. (2020) | RES | 120 ± 7 nm 131 ± 9 nm |
PLGA | TNBS-induced colitis | in vivo/vitro | Colon tissues | TNF-α↓, SOD↓, MPO↓, IL-6↓ |
| Ohno et al. (2017) | Cur | — | Theracurmin | DSS-induced colitis | in vivo | Colonic mucosa, faeces | TNF-α mRNA↓, IL-1β mRNA↓, IL-6 mRNA↓, CXCL1 mRNA↓, CXCL2 mRNA↓, NF-κBp65↓ |
| Plaza-Oliver et al. (2020) | Cur | 173 ± 20 nm | NE-ADP | — | in vitro | Caco-2 cell | ROS↓ |
| Salah et al. (2022) | Cur | 65 nm | NPL | DSS-induced colitis | in vivo/vitro | Caco-2 cell, colon tissues | IL-1β↓, IL-6↓, IL-8↓, IL-10↑ |
| Sharma et al. (2019) | Cur | 210.56 ± 41.22 nm | SBLNs | DSS-induced colitis | in vivo/vitro | Stomach, small intestine, colon | MPO↓, TNF-α↓, protein carbonyl group↓, LPO↓ |
| Wang et al. (2022) | Cur | 200 nm | AceKGM | DSS-induced colitis | in vivo/vitro | Colon tissues | MPO↓ |
| Mutalik et al. (2016) | Cur | 425 nm | PAAm-g-XG copolymer | Acetic acid-induced colitis | in vivo/vitro | Colon tissues, plasma | MPO↓, NO↓ |
| Beloqui et al. (2014) | Cur | 166 ± 3.0 nm | PLGA/ES100 NPs | DSS-induced colitis | in vivo/vitro | Caco-2 cell, colon tissues | TNF-α↓, MPO↓ |
| Diez-Echave et al. (2021) | QT | 175.8 ± 0.9 nm | QSFN | DSS-induced colitis | in vivo/vitro | Colon tissues | TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓, IL-6↓, MCP-1↓, ICAM-1↓, NLRP3↓, iNOS↓ |
| Khater et al. (2022) | QT | — | CS | DSS-induced colitis | in vivo | Colon tissues | ROS↓, NO↓, MDA↓, H2O2↓, GSH-Px↑, SOD↑, IL-6↓, TNF-α↓, IFN-γ↓, IL-10↓, CAT↑, MUC-2↑, JAM-2↑, Occludin↑, Nrf2↑, HO-1↑, CD4↓, CD8↓, TLR4↓, iNOS↓, COX2↓ |
| Shen et al. (2021) | QT | 220 nm | pH/ROS dual-responsive prodrug micelle | DSS-induced colitis | in vivo/vitro | Colon tissues | IL-6↓, TNF-α↓, iNOS↓ |
| Feng et al. (2021) | RMP | 205.6 ± 1.86 nm | PLGA | DSS-induced colitis | in vivo/vitro | Colon tissues | IFN-γ↓, IL-6↓, IL-10↑, ZO-1↑, occludin↑, acetate↑, propionate↑, butyrate↑ |
| Feng et al. (2021) | RMP | 202 nm | PLGA | LPS-induced colitis | in vivo/vitro | Jejunum tissues | TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-1β↓, PGE2↓ |
| Feng et al. (2022) | SK | 190.3 nm | ES100/HA/CS | TNBS-induced colitis | in vivo/vitro | Colon tissues | TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-1β↓, COX-2↓, iNOS↓, IL-10↑, TGF-β↑, ZO-1↑, occludin↑ |
| Zhao et al. (2021) | BBR | 230.2 ± 18.1 nm | CS | DSS-induced colitis | in vivo/vitro | Colon tissues | Firmicutes↑, proteobacteria↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, TGF-β↓, IL-23↓ |
| Zhang et al. (2018) | Shogaol | 249.6 ± 1.3 nm | PLGA/PLA-PEG-FA | DSS-induced colitis | in vivo/vitro | Colon tissues | TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-1β↓, iNOS↓, Nrf-2↑, HO-1↑ |
| Nidhi et al. (2017) | Embelin | 12.6 ± 2.1 μm | Microspheres | Acetic acid-induced colitis | in vivo/vitro | Colon tissues | MPO↓, MDA↓, LPO↓, GSH↑ |
| Tambuwala et al. (2019) | PCT | 210–288 nm | Albumin | DSS-induced colitis | in vivo/vitro | Colon tissues | p65↓, HIF-1α↓, INF-γ↓, IL-6↓, TNF-α↓, MPO↓ |
| Nguyen et al. (2021) | SM | 110 nm | siRNP | DSS-induced colitis | in vivo/vitro | Colon tissues | NO↓, IL-1β↓, IL-6↓, TNF-α↓, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazide radical↓ |
| Varshosaz et al. (2015) | SM | 109 ± 6 nm | Eudragit RL PO NPs | Acetic acid-induced colitis | in vivo/vitro | Colon tissues | TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, MPO↓ |
| Miroliaee et al. (2011) | SM | 245 ± 82.47 nm | Se | TNBS-induced colitis | in vivo | Colon tissues | TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓, NF-κB↓, MPO↓, lipid peroxidation↓, protein carbonyl↓ |
Notes: ↑, upregulated by drugs; ↓, downregulated by drugs. Abbreviations: PLGA, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid); PAAm-g-XG, pH-sensitive hydrolyzed polyacrylamide-grafted-xanthan gum; NPs, nanoparticles; NE, nanoemulsions; ADP, ascorbyl-2,6-dipalmitate; OC-B, MPO, myeloperoxidase; NO, nitric oxide; NPL, crosslinked starch nanocarrier; SBLNs, solid binary lipid nanoparticles; PLGA, poly (lactide-co-glycolide) acid; MUC-2, mucin-2; JAM, junction adhesion molecule; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; HO-1, hemeoxygenase-1; TLR4, toll-like receptor 4; QSFN, Quercetin-loaded silk fibroin nanoparticles; RMP, ramulus mori polysaccharide; CS, chitosan; HA, hyaluronic acid; ES100, Eudragit S100; GSH, glutathione; LPO, lipid peroxides concentration; siRNP, silica-containing redox nanoparticles; Se, Selenium; SCFA, short chain fatty acids.