Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population.
| Variable | Depression | χ2/t | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n = 10,091) | Yes (n = 860) | |||
| Age | 47.63 ± 17.11 | 47.39 ± 15.27 | −0.32 | 0.751 |
| Gender | 19.18 | <0.001 | ||
| Female | 4,734 (0.48) | 523 (0.60) | ||
| Male | 5,357 (0.52) | 337 (0.40) | ||
| Education level | 18.23 | <0.001 | ||
| Less than high school | 2,280 (0.14) | 295 (0.24) | ||
| Completed high school | 2,352 (0.24) | 237 (0.32) | ||
| More than high school | 5,459 (0.62) | 328 (0.44) | ||
| Race | 3.26 | 0.024 | ||
| Non-Hispanic white | 4,629 (0.70) | 385 (0.64) | ||
| Non-Hispanic black | 1,998 (0.10) | 190 (0.13) | ||
| Mexican American | 1,543 (0.08) | 128 (0.08) | ||
| Other Hispanic and other | 1,921 (0.12) | 157 (0.14) | ||
| Marital status | 18.00 | <0.001 | ||
| Never married | 2,611 (0.26) | 265 (0.31) | ||
| Married | 5,410 (0.56) | 295 (0.37) | ||
| Separated and divorced | 1,368 (0.13) | 222 (0.25) | ||
| Widowed | 702 (0.05) | 78 (0.07) | ||
| PIR | 3.08 ± 1.63 | 1.98 ± 1.53 | −14.81 | <0.001 |
| BMI | 28.41 ± 6.51 | 29.91 ± 7.63 | 4.90 | <0.001 |
| WC | 98.07 ± 16.22 | 100.98 ± 17.29 | 3.97 | <0.001 |
| Serum cotinine | 59.40 ± 129.43 | 123.97 ± 167.65 | 7.33 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol use | 10.99 ± 25.62 | 10.85 ± 31.60 | −0.08 | 0.937 |
| Energy intake | 2,169.33 ± 849.57 | 2,018.33 ± 906.21 | −2.99 | 0.003 |
| FPG | 5.82 ± 1.50 | 6.08 ± 2.10 | 2.74 | 0.007 |
| HOMA-IR | 3.39 ± 5.13 | 4.36 ± 6.15 | 3.48 | 0.001 |
| Insulin | 12.25 ± 13.32 | 14.49 ± 13.43 | 3.47 | 0.001 |
| DII | 0.99 ± 1.94 | 1.75 ± 1.89 | 8.34 | <0.001 |
| E-DII | 0.96 ± 1.79 | 1.54 ± 1.66 | 6.26 | <0.001 |
| CVD | 19.15 | <0.001 | ||
| No | 9,192 (0.93) | 699 (0.85) | ||
| Yes | 899 (0.07) | 161 (0.15) | ||
| DM | 8.24 | 0.005 | ||
| No | 8,322 (0.87) | 654 (0.82) | ||
| Yes | 1,769 (0.13) | 206 (0.18) | ||
| Hypertension | 14.23 | <0.001 | ||
| No | 6,637 (0.69) | 464 (0.57) | ||
| Yes | 3,454 (0.31) | 396 (0.43) | ||
| Quartiles of HOMA-IR | 7.60 | <0.001 | ||
| Q1 | 2,572 (0.28) | 166 (0.22) | ||
| Q2 | 2,537 (0.26) | 201 (0.24) | ||
| Q3 | 2,545 (0.24) | 192 (0.21) | ||
| Q4 | 2,437 (0.22) | 301 (0.33) | ||
| Quartiles of DII | 23.13 | <0.001 | ||
| Q1 | 2,593 (0.28) | 145 (0.17) | ||
| Q2 | 2,554 (0.26) | 184 (0.18) | ||
| Q3 | 2,523 (0.24) | 214 (0.28) | ||
| Q4 | 2,421 (0.22) | 317 (0.37) | ||
| Quartiles of E-DII | 9.13 | |||
| Q1 | 2,593 (0.26) | 145 (0.17) | <0.001 | |
| Q2 | 2,536 (0.25) | 202 (0.22) | ||
| Q3 | 2,525 (0.25) | 212 (0.26) | ||
| Q4 | 2,437 (0.23) | 301 (0.34) | ||
Q1, first quartile; Q2, second quartile; Q3, third quartile; Q4, fourth quartile; BMI, body mass index; DII, dietary inflammatory index; E-DII, energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; PIR, poverty index ratio; WC, waist circumference; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DM, diabetes mellitus.