Figure 1.

Participants breakdown displayed as a flowchart. The top section (identification) displays the included and excluded participants. The middle section (5-fold splitting) displays how the 5-folds were created, including the breakdown by surgical approach and outcome. The predictor distributions of the overall participants can be seen in Table 1 , and the predicter distributions for each of the 5-folds can be seen in Supplementary Material Table 3 The bottom section (evaluation example) displays an example of a model training on one fold’s training dataset, and then evaluated on the same fold’s validation dataset.