Table 1.
Biochemical crosstalk between bone and skeletal muscle.
| Myokines | Effect on muscle | Effect on bone formation | Effect on bone resorption | Effect from exercise |
Osteokines | Effect on bone formation | Effect on bone resorption | Effect on muscle | Effect from exercise |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Myostatin |
|
|
|
|
FGF23 |
|
|
|
|
| Irisin |
|
|
|
|
Osteocalcin |
|
|
|
|
| IL-6 |
|
|
|
|
RANK/RANKL |
|
|
|
|
| IL-15 |
|
|
|
|
OPG |
|
|
|
|
| FGF2 |
|
|
|
|
Sclerostin |
|
|
|
|
| IGF-1 |
|
|
|
|
IGF-1 |
|
|
|
|
FGF2, fibroblast growth factor 2; FGF23, fibroblast growth factor 23; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-15, interleukin-15; OPG, osteoprotegerin; RANK, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand.
Red filled circles indicate inhibition/downregulation, blue filled circles indicate stimulation/upregulation and empty circles indicate uncertain effects or conflicting findings based on current literature.