Table 2.
Self-rated questionnaires.
| ASD with hikikomori | ASD without hikikomori | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||
| N = 16 | N = 23 | Student's t-test, or U-test | P -value | |
| HQ-25 | ||||
| HQ-25 total | 69.6 (14.2) | 53.2 (16.1) | −3.35 | 0.002 |
| HQ-25 socialization | 33.1 (7.0) | 26.6 (7.5) | −2.76 | 0.01 |
| HQ-25 isolation | 25 (6.6) | 15.5 (4.1) | U = 325 | <0.001 |
| HQ-25 ES | 11.5 (6.7) | 11.1 (5.7) | −0.20 | 0.84 |
| HQ-25 motivation | 8 (3.5) | 7.5 (0.8) | −0.44 | 0.67 |
| PHQ-9 total | 14.9 (6.4) | 6.8 (4.9) | −4.26 | <0.001 |
| TACS 22 | ||||
| TACS total | 63.1 (12.0) | 47.3 (10.7) | −4.24 | <0.001 |
| TACS avoidance of social roles | 30.3 (5.6) | 24.3 (6.0) | −3.19 | 0.003 |
| TACS self esteem | 17.3 (3.8) | 13.1 (3.8) | −3.37 | 0.002 |
| TACS complaint | 15.6 (5.6) | 9.9 (4.1) | −3.45 | <0.001 |
| LSAS total | 73.4 (33.2) | 52.3 (27.8) | −2.09 | 0.04 |
| LSAS avoidance | 33.5 (17.2) | 22.7 (14.0) | −2.07 | 0.04 |
| LSAS fear | 39.8 (16.7) | 29.5 (15.3) | −1.97 | 0.05 |
| Mini-SPIN total | 6.9 (4.3) | 5 (3.8) | −1.45 | 0.15 |
| Preference for solitude total | 10.3 (2.5) | 7.8 (3.4) | −2.60 | 0.02 |
| Internet Addiction Test (IAT) | 47.1 (23.2) | 43.8 (20.2) | −0.45 | 0.65 |
| Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile (AAAP) | ||||
| Low registration | 42.25 (10.3) | 35.5 (9.4) | −2.10 | 0.04 |
| Sensory exploration | 30.2 (4.6) | 33.5 (6.7) | 1.85 | 0.09 |
| Sensory sensitivity | 51.1 (13.7) | 36.7 (8.8) | U = 288.5 | 0.002 |
| Sensory avoidance | 50.3 (12.6) | 39.0 (9.0) | −3.05 | 0.003 |
HQ-25, 25-Item Hikikomori Questionnaire; TACS22, 22-Item Tarumi's Modern-Type Depression Trait Scale: Avoidance of Social Roles, Complaint, and Low Self-Esteem; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire 9; Mini-SPIN, Mini Social Phobia Inventory; LSAS, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale.