Table 4. Summary of key barriers identified (categories and subcategories).

Subcategories	Authors
Work environment barriers
Lack of equipment and supplies	Atashi et al. (2018), Aloush and Al-Rawajfa (2020), Jansson et al. (2013), Yeganeh et al. (2019)
Lack of staff	Atashi et al. (2018), Al-Sayaghi (2021), Aloush and Al-Rawajfa (2020), Bankanie et al. (2021), Yaseen and Salameh (2015), Dehghan et al. (2022) Jansson et al. (2013) Ricart et al. (2003)
Lack of time	Al-Sayaghi (2021), Hassan and Wahsheh (2017). Jansson et al. (2013), Kiyoshi-Teo et al. (2014), Atashi et al. (2018), Yaseen and Salameh (2015), Ricart et al. (2003)
Lack of educational support	Aloush et al. (2018), Aloush and Al-Rawajfa (2020), Al-Sayaghi (2021), Atashi et al. (2018), Bankanie et al. (2021), Hassan and Wahsheh (2017), Jansson et al. (2013), Jansson et al. (2018), Yaseen and Salameh (2015), Yeganeh et al. (2019)
Ineffective supportive system	Aloush et al. (2018), Atashi et al. (2018), Bankanie et al. (2021), Dehghan et al. (2022), Jansson et al. (2018)
Nurse barriers
Limited personal competencies	Aloush et al. (2018), Aloush and Al-Rawajfa (2020), Bankanie et al. (2021), Jansson et al. (2013), Jansson et al. (2018), Yaseen and Salameh (2015)
Situational barriers
Patient health, discomfort, and adverse events	Al-Sayaghi (2021), Dehghan et al. (2022), Hassan and Wahsheh (2017), Jansson et al. (2018), Ricart et al. (2003)