Table 2. Risk of Psychiatric Disorders and Suicidal Behavior in Offspring of Mothers With and Without PIDs.
| Outcomea | Offspring of mothers, No. (%) | IRR (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| With PIDs (n = 4676) | Without PIDs (n = 4 286 899) | Model 1b | Model 2c | Model 3d | |
| Any psychiatric disorder | 801 (17.1) | 545 224 (12.7) | 1.33 (1.25-1.42) | 1.19 (1.12-1.27) | 1.17 (1.10-1.25) |
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder | 39 (0.8) | 24 136 (0.6) | 1.50 (1.10-2.05) | 1.35 (0.99-1.85) | 1.33 (0.97-1.82) |
| Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | 150 (3.2) | 106 306 (2.5) | 1.59 (1.36-1.86) | 1.34 (1.15-1.57) | 1.30 (1.12-1.52) |
| Autism spectrum disorders | 62 (1.3) | 39 788 (0.9) | 1.75 (1.37-2.24) | 1.53 (1.20-1.96) | 1.49 (1.17-1.91) |
| Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders | 63 (1.4) | 36 345 (0.9) | 1.33 (1.04-1.70) | 1.15 (0.90-1.47) | 1.15 (0.90-1.47) |
| Bipolar disorders | 77 (1.7) | 31 385 (0.7) | 2.00 (1.60-2.49) | 1.73 (1.39-2.16) | 1.71 (1.37-2.14) |
| Major depression disorder and other mood disorders | 335 (7.2) | 203 516 (4.8) | 1.41 (1.27-1.56) | 1.25 (1.13-1.39) | 1.23 (1.11-1.36) |
| Anxiety and stress-related disorders | 391 (8.4) | 257 885 (6.0) | 1.31 (1.19-1.44) | 1.17 (1.06-1.28) | 1.15 (1.04-1.26) |
| Eating disorders | 42 (0.9) | 32 707 (0.8) | 1.27 (0.94-1.71) | 1.20 (0.89-1.62) | 1.19 (0.88-1.60) |
| Substance use disorders | 257 (5.5) | 163 887 (3.8) | 1.35 (1.20-1.52) | 1.17 (1.04-1.31) | 1.15 (1.03-1.30) |
| Any suicidal behavior | 218 (4.7) | 132 867 (3.1) | 1.39 (1.22-1.58) | 1.21 (1.07-1.38) | 1.20 (1.06-1.36) |
| Suicide attempt | 204 (4.4) | 125 533 (2.9) | 1.39 (1.22-1.59) | 1.22 (1.06-1.39) | 1.20 (1.05-1.37) |
| Death by suicide | 16 (0.3) | 10 573 (0.3) | 1.10 (0.67-1.79) | 0.93 (0.57-1.52) | 0.94 (0.57-1.53) |
Abbreviations: IRR, incidence rate ratio; PIDs, primary immunodeficiencies.
a
Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders are not reported separately due to underpowered analysis. Total numbers and percentages of specific outcomes may not sum to the combined outcomes as the study participants may have had more than 1 specific outcome.
b
Adjusted by birth year in parents and offspring and sex in offspring.
c
Adjusted by birth year in parents and offspring, sex in offspring, and any psychiatric disorder or suicidal behavior in parents.
d
Adjusted by birth year in parents and offspring, sex in offspring, any psychiatric disorder or suicidal behavior in parents, and any autoimmune disease in parents.