Table. Baseline Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients.
| Characteristic | Patients, No. (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline evaluation period (n = 394) | IF evaluation period (n = 362) | Total (n = 756) | |
| Sex | |||
| Men | 273 (69.3) | 267 (73.8) | 540 (71.4) |
| Women | 121 (30.7) | 95 (26.2) | 216 (28.6) |
| Race | |||
| American Indian or Alaskan Native | 12 (3.0) | 15 (4.1) | 27 (3.6) |
| Asian | 3 (0.8) | 4 (1.1) | 7 (0.9) |
| Black | 110 (27.9) | 113 (31.2) | 223 (29.5) |
| Multiracial | 25 (6.3) | 12 (3.3) | 30 (4.0) |
| White | 206 (52.3) | 188 (51.9) | 394 (52.1) |
| Unknown or refused | 47 (11.9) | 24 (6.6) | 71 (9.4) |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Hispanic or Latino | 49 (11.9) | 39 (10.8) | 88 (11.6) |
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 345 (87.6) | 323 (89.2) | 668 (88.4) |
| Age, mean (SD) y | 38.9 (11.7) | 39.7 (11.7) | 39.3 (11.7) |
| Education | |||
| <High school diploma | 140 (35.5) | 126 (34.8) | 266 (35.2) |
| High school graduate or equivalent | 130 (33.0) | 146 (40.3) | 276 (36.5) |
| Some college, no degree | 74 (18.8) | 62 (17.1) | 136 (18.0) |
| ≥College degree | 50 (12.7) | 28 (7.7) | 78 (10.3) |
| Employment | |||
| Working | 63 (16.0) | 66 (18.2) | 129 (17.1) |
| Unemployed | 228 (57.9) | 192 (53.0) | 420 (55.6) |
| Disabled (permanently or temporarily) | 80 (20.3) | 62 (17.1) | 142 (18.8) |
| Other | 23 (5.8) | 42 (11.6) | 65 (8.6) |
| Unstable housing | |||
| Spent ≥1 night in the past 12 moa | |||
| Any unstable housing or homelessness | 275 (69.8) | 262 (72.4) | 537 (71.0) |
| Shelter for persons experiencing homelessness | 102 (25.9) | 108 (29.8) | 210 (27.8) |
| On the street or public place not intended for sleeping | 191 (48.4) | 192 (53.0) | 383 (50.7) |
| Welfare hotel or SRO | 43 (10.9) | 48 (13.3) | 91 (12.0) |
| Doubled-up in someone else’s house or apartment | 190 (48.2) | 135 (37.3) | 325 (42.9) |
| Emergency, temporary, transitional, or halfway house | 36 (9.1) | 35 (9.7) | 71 (9.4) |
| Currently living ina | |||
| Any unstable housing or homelessness | 222 (56.3) | 209 (57.7) | 431 (57.0) |
| Shelter for persons experiencing homelessness | 41 (10.4) | 41 (11.3) | 82 (10.8) |
| On the street or public place not intended for sleeping | 94 (23.9) | 98 (27.1) | 192 (25.4) |
| Welfare hotel or SRO | 3 (0.8) | 6 (1.7) | 9 (1.2) |
| Emergency, temporary, transitional, or halfway house | 4 (1.0) | 9 (2.5) | 13 (1.7) |
| Doubled-up in someone else’s house or apartment | 102 (25.9) | 77 (21.3) | 179 (23.7) |
| Health insurance | |||
| Any | 344 (87.3) | 296 (81.8) | 640 (84.7) |
| Private or commercial | 45 (11.4) | 24 (6.6) | 69 (9.1) |
| Medicare | 31 (7.9) | 37 (10.2) | 68 (9.0) |
| Medicaid | 287 (72.8) | 254 (70.2) | 541 (71.6) |
| Other | 7 (2) | 6 (2) | 13 (2) |
| Has a primary medical practitioner, No./total No. (%) | 149/393 (37.9) | 131/361 (36.3) | 280/75 (37.0) |
| Usual source of care, No./total No. (%) | |||
| Private physician office | 57/393 (14.5) | 59/361 (16.3) | 116/754 (15.3) |
| Clinic | 116/393 (29.5) | 96/361 (26.6) | 212/754 (28.0) |
| ED or none | 217/393 (55.2) | 204/361 (56.5) | 421/754 (55.7) |
| Positive urine test results during enrollment | |||
| Opiates | 328 (83.2) | 283 (78.2) | 611 (80.8) |
| Fentanyl | 200 (50.8) | 216 (59.7) | 416 (55.0) |
| Oxycodone | 159 (40.4) | 139 (38.4) | 298 (39.4) |
| Methadone | 43 (10.9) | 56 (15.5) | 99 (13.1) |
| Buprenorphine | 144 (36.5) | 169 (46.7) | 313 (41.4) |
| Cocaine | 177 (44.9) | 165 (45.6) | 342 (45.2) |
| Methamphetamine | 146 (37.1) | 141 (39.0) | 287 (38.0) |
| Amphetamine | 114 (28.9) | 102 (28.2) | 216 (28.6) |
| Benzodiazepines | 101 (25.6) | 126 (34.8) | 227 (30.0) |
| Barbiturates | 7 (1.8) | 1 (0.3) | 8 (1.1) |
| Tetrahydrocannabinols | 153 (38.8) | 128 (35.4) | 281 (37.2) |
| MDMA | 21 (5.3) | 26 (7.2) | 47 (6.2) |
| Overdose history, No./total No. (%) | |||
| ≥1 Overdose in the past 30 d | 108/393 (27.5) | 106/361 (29.3) | 214/754 (28.3) |
| Report a medical intervention overdose in past 30 d | 84/393 (21.4) | 79/361 (21.8) | 163/754 (21.5) |
| Injection drug use reported in past month | 232/394 (58.9) | 185/361 (51.2) | 417/755 (55.1) |
| Mental health history | |||
| Psychiatric evaluation during the ED visit | 11/394 (2.8) | 15/361 (4.2) | 26/755 (3.4) |
| Lifetime psychiatric treatment | |||
| Inpatient | 161/392 (40.9) | 116/361 (32.1) | 277/753 (36.6) |
| Outpatient | 185/393 (47.0) | 150/361 (41.6) | 335/754 (44.3) |
| Any psychiatric treatment in the past 30 d | 60/393 (15.2) | 42/361 (11.6) | 102/754 (13.5) |
| PHQ-9 score, mean (SD)b | 12.9 (6.9) | 12.1 (7.4) | 12.5 (7.2) |
Abbreviations: ED, emergency department; IF, implementation facilitation; MDMA, 4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine; PHQ-9, Patient Depression Questionnaire 9-Item; SRO, single room occupancy.
a
Multiple responses could be given.
b
The PHQ-9 is the major depressive disorder module of the full Patient Health Questionnaire.