Table 1.
Antimicrobial proteins identified in amphioxus
| Proteins | Tissue expression | Activity (IC50) * | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alanine aminotransaminase | Mainly in hepatic cecum | G−: E. coli (< 1 μmol/L) | Jing and Zhang (2011) |
| AmphiCTL1 | Mainly in hepatic cecum |
G+: S. aureus (Not determined) F: S. cerevisiae (Not determined) |
Yu et al. (2007a) |
| Apolipoprotein A-I | Mainly in hepatic cecum | G−: Aeromonas hydrophila (1.47 μmol/L), Vibrio vulnificus (2.15 μmol/L), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1.54 μmol/L) | Wang et al. (2019) |
| Big defensin | Hepatic cecum, muscle, gill and intestine |
G+: S. aureus (~ 5 μmol/L) G−: A. hydrophila (> 20 μmol/L) |
Teng et al. (2012) |
| BjAMP | Mainly in hepatic cecum, intestine, etc. |
G−: E. coli (3.2 μmol/L), Vibrio anguillarum (6.3 μmol/L) G+: S. aureus (6.3 μmol/L), Micrococcus luteus (0.8 μmol/L) |
Liu et al. (2015a) |
| C3a | Cleaved from C3 |
G−: E. coli (> 6.6 μmol/L), V. anguillarum (> 6.6 μmol/L) G+: S. aureus (6.6 μmol/L), Bacillus subtilis (1.6 μmol/L) |
Gao et al. (2013) |
| Chitotriosidase-like protein | Mainly in hepatic cecum | F: Candida albicans (Not determined) | Xu and Zhang (2012) |
| Creatine kinase | Not determined | G−: E. coli (~ 10 μmol/L) | An et al. (2009) |
| Fibrinogen-related protein | Mainly in hepatic cecum and intestine |
G−: E. coli (~ 3 μmol/L) G+ : S. aureus (< 0.5 μmol/L) |
Fan et al. (2008) |
| Lysozymes | g-type in hepatic cecum, i-type in gill, c-type in hepatic cecum, intestine and gill | Micrococcus lysodeikticus cell wall degradation activity of the three type lysozymes is in an order of i-type > c-type > g-type | Xu et al. (2014) |
| Miple | Mainly in ovary |
G−: A. hydrophila (0.25 μmol/L), E. coli (1 μmol/L) G+: S. aureus (0.25 μmol/L), B. subtilis (1 μmol/L) |
Gao et al. (2018) |
| PGRP-S | Mainly in hepatic cecum and muscle |
G −: E. coli (~ 7 μmol/L) G + : S. aureus (~ 7 μmol/L) F: Pichia pastoris (~ 7 μmol/L) |
Yao et al. (2012) |
| Ribosomal protein S15 | High expression in hepatic cecum |
G −: E. coli (0.5 μmol/L), A. hydrophila (0.5 μmol/L) G + : S. aureus (0.5 μmol/L), M. luteus (0.5 μmol/L) |
Qu et al. (2020a) |
| Ribosomal protein S23 | High expression in hepatic cecum and ovary |
G −: E. coli (4.2 μmol/L), A. hydrophila (4.2 μmol/L) G : S. aureus (3 μmol/L), M. luteus (3 μmol/L) |
Ma et al. (2020) |
| Tachylectin-related protein | Mainly in hepatic cecum and intestine | G −: E. coli (~ 7 μmol/L) | Ju et al. (2009) |
| Transferrin-like protein | Mainly in hepatic cecum, intestine and ovary | G −: E. coli (~ 8 μmol/L) | Liu et al. (2009) |
*The antimicrobial activities against different types of microbes are annotated as below: G− Gram-negative bacteria, G+ Gram-positive bacteria, F fungi. The IC50 is the concentration of protein needed to inhibit microbe growth by 50%