Table 2.
Adjusted Odds Ratios for COVD-19 Hospitalizations by ASD
| Sample Characteristics (Referent) | Step 1: | Step 2: | Step 3: |
|---|---|---|---|
| N = 752,237 | Sociodemographics (without HRSA region and state ACA status) | Sociodemographics (with HRSA region and state ACA status) and ASD | Sociodemographics, ASD and Comorbidities |
| Age (19–29 years) | |||
| 0 to 18 years | 0.84 (0.81–0.87)*** | 0.83 (0.80–0.86)*** | 1.07 (1.03–1.12)** |
| 30 to 39 years | 1.91 (1.86–1.96)*** | 1.92 (1.86–1.97)*** | 1.51 (1.47–1.55)*** |
| 40 to 49 years | 1.77 (1.71–1.81)*** | 1.77 (1.72–1.81)*** | 0.92 (0.90–0.95)*** |
| 50 to 59 years | 2.54 (2.48–2.61)*** | 2.53 (2.46–2.59)*** | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) |
| 60 to 69 years | 3.89 (3.72-4.00)*** | 3.84 (3.74–3.95)*** | 1.16 (1.13–1.20)*** |
| 70 + years | 10.78 (10.45–11.12)*** | 10.31 (10.00-10.64)*** | 1.83 (1.76–1.89)*** |
| Sex (Female) | |||
| Male | 0.96 (0.95–0.98)*** | 0.96 (0.95–0.98)*** | 1.05 (1.03–1.06)*** |
| % of Population White (over 75%) | |||
| Less than 25% | 1.76 (1.32–2.33)** | 1.33 (1.00-1.78)* | 1.25 (0.92–1.70) |
| 25–50% | 1.39 (1.35–1.44)*** | 1.28 (1.23–1.33)*** | 1.35 (1.29–1.40)*** |
| 51–75% | 1.27 (1.25–1.29)*** | 1.26 (1.24–1.29)*** | 1.25 (1.23–1.28)*** |
| % of Population Black (51–75%) | |||
| Less than 25% | 1.02 (0.94–1.12) | 0.82 (0.75–0.89)*** | 0.89 (0.81–0.98)* |
| 25–50% | 0.81 (0.75–0.88)*** | 0.70 (0.64–0.76) | 0.78 (0.72–0.85)*** |
| % of Population Hispanic (51–75%) | |||
| Less than 25% | 0.99 (0.96–1.03) | 0.89 (0.86–0.92)*** | 0.92 (0.88–0.95)*** |
| 25–50% | 0.92 (0.89–0.95)*** | 0.88 (0.85–0.91)**** | 0.88 (0.85–0.91)*** |
| Over 75% | 0.86 (0.80–0.92)*** | 0.86 (0.80–0.92)*** | 0.92 (.85 − 1.00)* |
| Household Income ($100,001-$150,000) | |||
| $25,001-$50,000 | 1.20 (1.16–1.24)*** | 1.30 (1.26–1.35)*** | 1.13 (1.09–1.18)*** |
| $50,001-$75,000 | 1.13 (1.10–1.16)*** | 1.19 (1.15–1.22)*** | 1.09 (1.05–1.12)*** |
| $75,001-$100,000 | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 1.01 (.98-1.04) |
| HRSA Region (Region 5) | |||
| Region 1 | 1.30 (1.26–1.35)*** | 1.06 (1.02–1.10)** | |
| Region 2 | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 0.75 (0.72–0.77)*** | |
| Region 3 | 0.86 (0.83–0.90)*** | 0.79 (0.75–0.83)*** | |
| Region 4 | 0.82 (0.78–0.85)*** | 0.81 (0.78–0.85)*** | |
| Region 6 | 0.81 (0.78–0.85)*** | 0.79 (0.76–0.82)*** | |
| Region 7 | 0.97 (0.92–1.02) | 0.97 (0.92–1.03) | |
| Region 8 | 1.02 (0.96–1.08)** | 1.12 (1.05–1.20)** | |
| Region 9 | 0.86 (0.83-.89)*** | 0.77 (0.74–0.80)*** | |
| Region 10 | 0.82 (0.76-.89)*** | 0.83 (0.76–0.90)*** | |
| ACA Coverage (No) | |||
| Yes | 0.95 (0.91–0.98)* | 0.92 (0.89–0.96)*** | |
| ASD Diagnosis (No) | |||
| Yes | 3.04 (2.63–3.51)*** | 0.89 (0.77–1.03) | |
| Number of Comorbidities (None) | |||
| 1 | 2.74 (2.65–2.83)*** | ||
| 2–3 | 4.70 (4.57–4.84)*** | ||
| 4–5 | 8.45 (8.21–8.70) *** | ||
| 5+ | 23.71 (23.05–24.39)*** |
Note: ACA is the Affordable Care Act; ASD is autism spectrum disorder; HRSA is Health Resources and Services Administration. Sociodemographic variables included age, gender, % of population (White, Black, Hispanic), household income. Some categories for variables did not have sufficient representation to be differentiated in analyses and are thus not present (over 75% Black population, household income under $25,000).
*p ≤ 0.05 **p ≤ 0.01 ***p ≤ 0.001