Table 2.
Number of deaths and adjusted HRs (95% CIs) of all-cause mortality, CVD mortality, and cancer mortality according to preserved vegetable consumption
| Preserved vegetable consumption | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never/rarely | Monthly | 1–3 days/week | Regularly (≥4 days/week) | P trend | P non-linearity | |
| Person-years | 771,737 | 1,392,939 | 1,260,552 | 990,556 | ||
| All-cause mortality | ||||||
| Cases/n | 5449/77,718 | 8909/138,884 | 8180/126,225 | 6087/97,588 | ||
| Model 1a | 1 | 0.98 (0.94–1.02) | 1.00 (0.96–1.04) | 1.01 (0.97–1.06) | 0.441 | |
| Model 2b | 1 | 1.00 (0.96–1.04) | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | 1.00 (0.96–1.05) | 0.690 | |
| Model 3c | 1 | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 1.06 (1.02–1.11) | 1.02 (0.98–1.07) | 0.168 | |
| CVD mortality | ||||||
| Cases/n | 2147/77,718 | 3454/138,884 | 3196/126,225 | 2127/97,588 | ||
| Model 1a | 1 | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 1.06 (0.99–1.13) | 1.06 (0.99–1.14) | 0.069 | |
| Model 2b | 1 | 1.04 (0.98–1.11) | 1.08 (1.01–1.15) | 1.05 (0.98–1.14) | 0.102 | |
| Model 3c | 1 | 1.08 (1.01–1.15) | 1.12 (1.05–1.20) | 1.07 (0.99–1.15) | 0.041 | 0.025 |
| Cancer mortality | ||||||
| Cases/n | 1971/77,718 | 3034/138,884 | 2837/126,225 | 2550/97,588 | ||
| Model 1a | 1 | 0.95 (0.89–1.01) | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) | 1.02 (0.95–1.09) | 0.285 | |
| Model 2b | 1 | 0.96 (0.90–1.02) | 1.01 (0.94–1.08) | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) | 0.587 | |
| Model 3c | 1 | 0.99 (0.93–1.05) | 1.04 (0.97–1.11) | 1.02 (0.95–1.10) | 0.277 | |
CI Confidence interval, CVD Cardiovascular disease, HR Hazard ratio
aModel 1 was stratified by age-at-risk (5-year intervals), sex, and study area (10 regions)
bModel 2 was further adjusted for marital status (never married, married, divorced/separated, or widowed), body mass index (in kg/m2; continuous), household income (in yuan/year; <10,000, 10,000–19,999, 20,000–34,999, or ≥35,000), survey season, highest education level (no formal school, primary school, middle or high school, or college and above), physical activity (MET-h/wk), smoking (non-smoker, occasional smoker, ever-smoker, or current smoker), alcohol drinking (non-drinker, occasional drinker, ever-drinker, or current drinker), family history of cancer (yes or no), and family history of CVD (yes or no)
cModel 3 was further adjusted for intakes of red meat, poultry, eggs, fish, soybeans, fruit, dairy (never/rarely, monthly, 1–3 days/week, or regularly), and fresh vegetables (daily or less than daily) at baseline