Table 3.
Number of deaths and adjusted HRs (95% CIs) of cause-specific mortality according to preserved vegetable consumption
| Causes of death | Never/rarely | Monthly | 1–3 days/week | Regularly (≥4 days/week) | P for trend | P nonlinearity | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of deaths | HR (95% CI)a | No. of deaths | HR (95% CI)a | No. of deaths | HR (95% CI)a | No. of deaths | HR (95% CI)a | |||
| Ischemic heart disease | 845 | 1 | 1271 | 1.06 (0.96–1.18) | 1056 | 1.01 (0.90–1.13) | 776 | 1.08 (0.96–1.22) | 0.402 | |
| Ischemic stroke | 271 | 1 | 392 | 1.04 (0.86–1.26) | 298 | 1.01 (0.82–1.25) | 235 | 1.02 (0.81–1.28) | 0.939 | |
| Hemorrhagic stroke | 522 | 1 | 1039 | 1.09 (0.97–1.23) | 1291 | 1.32 (1.17–1.50) | 690 | 1.15 (1.00–1.31) | 0.006 | <0.001 |
| Other CVDs | 509 | 1 | 752 | 1.11 (0.97–1.26) | 551 | 1.08 (0.93–1.26) | 426 | 0.99 (0.84–1.17) | 0.992 | |
| Stomach cancer | 251 | 1 | 331 | 0.99 (0.83–1.19) | 384 | 1.05 (0.87–1.27) | 401 | 1.04 (0.86–1.26) | 0.567 | |
| Esophageal cancer | 291 | 1 | 309 | 0.96 (0.81–1.14) | 162 | 0.97 (0.77–1.23) | 255 | 1.45 (1.17–1.81) | 0.002 | 0.009 |
| Colorectal cancer | 115 | 1 | 241 | 1.24 (0.97–1.58) | 228 | 1.18 (0.92–1.51) | 175 | 1.00 (0.77–1.31) | 0.758 | |
| Digestive tract cancer | 657 | 1 | 881 | 1.03 (0.92–1.15) | 774 | 1.06 (0.94–1.20) | 831 | 1.13 (1.00–1.28) | 0.053 | 0.879 |
| Non-digestive tract cancer | 1314 | 1 | 2153 | 0.96 (0.89–1.04) | 2063 | 1.03 (0.95–1.11) | 1719 | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) | 0.998 | |
| Lung cancer | 449 | 1 | 792 | 0.96 (0.84–1.09) | 753 | 1.01 (0.89–1.15) | 632 | 0.97 (0.84–1.11) | 0.950 | |
| Liver cancer | 311 | 1 | 469 | 0.96 (0.82–1.13) | 455 | 1.09 (0.92–1.29) | 331 | 0.91 (0.76–1.10) | 0.683 | |
| All other non-digestive cancers | 554 | 1 | 892 | 0.97 (0.86–1.08) | 855 | 1.01 (0.89–1.14) | 756 | 1.00 (0.88–1.14) | 0.757 | |
| COPD | 207 | 1 | 429 | 1.05 (0.86–1.29) | 428 | 0.97 (0.79–1.20) | 288 | 1.03 (0.82–1.28) | 0.897 | |
| All respiratory diseases | 302 | 1 | 607 | 1.20 (1.01–1.42) | 539 | 1.06 (0.89–1.26) | 395 | 1.13 (0.94–1.36) | 0.591 | |
| Other major chronic diseases | 405 | 1 | 624 | 0.98 (0.85–1.14) | 570 | 1.00 (0.86–1.17) | 387 | 0.87 (0.74–1.03) | 0.182 | |
| Transport accidents | 149 | 1 | 333 | 0.98 (0.80–1.21) | 315 | 1.00 (0.80–1.25) | 204 | 0.87 (0.68–1.11) | 0.305 | |
| All other causes | 475 | 1 | 857 | 1.03 (0.91–1.17) | 723 | 1.03 (0.89–1.18) | 424 | 0.97 (0.83–1.14) | 0.741 | |
CI Confidence interval, COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CVD Cardiovascular disease, HR Hazard ratio
aAnalyses were stratified by age-at-risk (5-year intervals), sex, and study area (10 regions) and adjusted for marital status (never married, married, divorced/separated, or widowed), body mass index (in kg/m2; continuous), household income (in yuan/year; <10,000, 10,000–19,999, 20,000–34,999, or ≥35,000), survey season, highest education level (no formal school, primary school, middle or high school, or college and above), physical activity (MET-h/wk), smoking (non-smoker, occasional smoker, ever-smoker, or current smoker), alcohol drinking (non-drinker, occasional drinker, ever-drinker, or current drinker), family history of cancer (yes or no), family history of CVD (yes or no), intakes of red meat, poultry, eggs, fish, soybeans, fruit, dairy (never/rarely, monthly, 1–3 days/week, or regularly), and fresh vegetables (daily or less than daily) at baseline