Table 2.
Types of the invention used in included studies in the meta-analysis.
| Study | Minutes | Frequency | Type | Duration | Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P.J. Naga Venkatesha Murthy, India (2000) | 45 min | 4 × wk | Sudarshan Kriya Yoga | 4 weeks | Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): bilateral electrode, 3 × wk. Imipramine (IMN): 150 mg/daily |
| S. DAS, New Delhi (2005) | 30 min | 3 × wk | Sahaj yoga | 8 weeks | Conventional antidepressant treatment +simple position and eyes closed |
| A. Vedamurthachar, Bangalore, India (2006) | 60 min | Not mention | Sudarshana Kriya Yoga | 2 weeks | Not controls |
| Uddip Talukdar, India (2011) | 60 min | 4 weeks; 5 ~ 28 wk | Yoga | 28 weeks | General counseling: 30 min, 1 × wk |
| Miguel Diego, USA (2012) | 20 min | 2 × wk | Yoga | 12 weeks | Massage: 20 min, 2 × wk |
| Khushbu Rani, SC Tiwari, India (2012) | 35 min | 5 × wk | Yoga Nidra | six months (24 weeks) | Only pharmacotherapy |
| Miguel Diego, PhD, USA (2013) | 20 min | 1 × wk | Yoga | 12 weeks | Social support: control for the possible effects of attention and social support gained by women 1 × wk. |
| Miguel Diego, US (2013) | 20 min | 1 × wk | Tai chi/Yoga | 12 weeks | Waitlist control group: 20 min; 1 × wk |
| Cheryl Bourguignon, PhD, RN | 75 min | 1 × wk | Yoga | 8 weeks | Attention-control group: 75 min; 1 × wk |
| Patricia Anne Kinser, PhD, Richmond (2014) | 75 min | 1 × wk | Yoga | 8 weeks | Health-education (HE) control group |
| Caroline Nothdurfter, Germany (2016) | 60 min | 1 × wk | QXR (300 mg/day) or ESC (10 mg/day) | 5 weeks | Hatha yoga |
| Beth A. Lewis, USA (2016) | 60–75 min | 2 × wk | Yoga | 12 weeks | Walking control condition: 2 × wk |
| Renee Rivera, San Francisco (2017) | 90 min | 2 × wk | Hatha yoga | 8 weeks | Attention control education groups: 90-min; twice weekly for 8 weeks. |
| Marna S. Barrett, PhD, Philadelphia (2017) | 3.5 h-week 1 1.5 h + 20 ~ 25 min/d: week 2 ~ 8 | Week 1: 6 × wk., 3.5 h/d week 2–8:1 × wk. + home practice version of SKY (20–25 min per day) | Sudarshan Kriya yoga | 8 weeks | Waitlist control group |
| Chris C. Streeter, Boston (2017) | Three 90-min yoga classes +four 30-min homework sessions | 1 × wk | HDG | 12 weeks | LDG: two 90-min yoga classes and three 30-min homework sessions/wk |
| Lisa A. Uebelacker, Ph.D. Providence, RI (2017) | 80 min | 2 × wk | Yoga | 10 weeks | HLW classes: 1–2 × wk. 60 min/session |
| Patricia L. Gerbarg, NY (2018) | 90 min | 1 × wk | High dose group | 12 weeks | The LDG included two 90-min yoga classes plus three 30-min homework sessions weekly. |
| Madhuri R. Tolahunas, India (2018) | 120 min | 5 × wk | YBLI program | 12 weeks. | Drug: Escitalopram (5–20 mg/day) fluoxetine (20–40 mg/day), paroxetine (20–40 mg/day) were used in 36, 24, and 29, patients, Adjunctive medications were prescribed for sleep (diphenhydramine, 25–50 mg; or zolpidem, 5–10 mg), and for anxiety (clonazepam, 0.25 mg twice daily; or lorazepam, 0.5 mg 3 times/day) |
| Madhuri R. Tolahunas, India (2018) 58 MDD | 120 min | 1 × wk | YBLI program | 12 weeks | Control: routine drug treatment |
| Jolene Mui, Hongkong (2019) | 45 min | 2 × wk | Laughter Yoga (LY) | 4-weeks | Control: TAU (Treat as usual): received their usual routine community mental health care (including medications) and attended medical outpatient appointments as determined by their individual needs. |
| TAMMY M. SCOTT, PhD, Boston (2019) | Three 90-min classes plus four 30-min homework sessions | 1 × wk | HDG | 12 weeks | LDG: two 90-min yoga classes and three 30-min homework sessions/wk |
| Chris C. Streeter, MD, Boston (2020) | Three 90-min classes plus four 30-min homework sessions | 1 × wk | HDG | 12 weeks | LDG: two 90-min yoga classes and three 30-min homework sessions/wk |
| Praerna H. Bhargav, India (2021) | 60 min | 12 wk | Yoga | 12 weeks | WG was offered yoga after the trial period of 12 weeks. |
| Miriam Bieber, Germany (2021) | 90 min | 3 × wk | Ashtanga-Yoga | 12 weeks | TAU: consisting of antidepressant medication and psychotherapy. |
| Kankan Gulati NIMHANS, India (2021) | 60 min | 12 sessions in the first 4 weeks two booster sessions in next 8 weeks+monitored home based practice - 4 days/week. | Yoga | 12 weeks | WG: to learn yoga after 12 weeks. |
| Nicole R. Nugent, Rhode Island Hospital (2021) | 80 min | 2 × wk | Hatha yoga | 10 weeks | Control: health education: 2/wk., 60 min, 10 weeks |
| Arun V. Ravindran, Toronto (2021) | 90 min | 2 × wk | 8 weeks of yoga and 8 weeks of psychoeducation | 16 weeks | 8 weeks of psychoeducation, followed by yoga for equal duration |
| Ananya Srivastava, India (2021) | 45 min | Daily × first 2 weeks home practice 20 min | Kriya Yoga | 8 weeks | Control: only psychotropic medications |
| Subbanna, Manjula, India (2021) | Not | 4–6/wk | Yoga | 12 weeks | Given antidepressants as per the routine clinical treatment guidelines. |
| Jessica L. West, Duke University Medical Center (2021) | 80 min | 1 × wk | Yoga | 10 weeks | HLW classes: 60 min, 1 × wk |
| Lin Yi-huan, Wang Jun-qing, China (2010) | 60 min | 4 × wk | Yoga | 8 weeks | Control: psychotropic medications as usual |
| Wang Wenjuan, Pan Qin, Zhang Huimin, China (2020) | 90 min | 4 × wk | Yoga | 8 weeks | Control: treatment as usual |
| Liang Jinmei, Kang Xingxing, Ji Wei, China (2017) | 45 min | 5 × wk | Yoga | 8 weeks | Control: psychotropic medications as usual |
| Li Li, Gao Lin, China (2019) | 60 min | 2 × wk | Yoga | 8 weeks | Control: treatment as usual and psychotherapy |