TABLE 1.

Summary of prevalences and definitions of hypnagogic states

Author	Year	Mean age	Sample size	Prevalence	Definition of hypnogogic states
Bosch et al.	2012	39.7 years	29	8%	Auditory or visual illusions that accompany falling asleep or waking in a distressing or threatening manner (e.g. hearing sounds or voices, or seeing people or things that are not in the room)
Fulda et al.	2008	35.0 years	65	6%
Jones et al.	2009	21.1 years	365	85%	Feeling an evil presence in the room; hearing one's name being called; seeing a blurry human figure in the room; hearing the voice of a familiar person; seeing things or figures floating in the room; […]
Jones et al.	2010	22.5 years	325	33% a
Ohayon	1996	N/A	4972	37%/12% b	The realistic feeling that someone or something is present in the room; a vivid experience of being caught in a fire; a vivid experience that one is about to be attacked; the feeling that one will soon fall into an abyss; […] over the last year
Ohayon	2000	N/A	13,057	25%/7% b	Seeing things, objects or persons other people cannot see; feeling something is under or on one's skin; having the feeling of being outside one's body watching oneself; hearing sounds, music or voices; […]
Ohayon & Shapiro	2000	N/A	1832	22%/6% b	Questionnaire item according to Sleep‐EVAL (Ohayon et al., 1999)
Schacter	1976			72%–77%	Individual definitions reviewed
Sherwood	2012	27.0 years	492	9%–82% c	Visual imagery, auditory sensations, smell or taste when falling asleep; the feeling of falling; the sensation of seeming to touch, or be touched by, someone or something. The feeling of a presence in the room; […]

Note: Prevalence estimates are reported for healthy (non‐psychiatric) samples and the numbers were rounded to the nearest integer.

^a Reported prevalence for the auditory modality only.

^b Hypnagogic states at sleep‐onset/hypnagogic states at sleep‐offset.

^c Prevalences were reported for different modalities only, the most frequent being visual perceptions (82%), the lowest being perceptions of taste (9%).