Table 4.
Assessments of AMSTAR scores and GRADE classification
| Outcome | Category | Author | Year | AMSTAR | GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Obesity | Capsicum | Jang | 2020 | 10 | Moderate |
| BMI | Capsicum | Jang | 2020 | 10 | Moderate |
| Hypertension: diastolic blood pressure (DBP) | Capsicum | Jang | 2020 | 10 | Moderate |
| Hypertension: systolic blood pressure (SBP) | Capsicum | Jang | 2020 | 10 | Moderate |
| Dyslipidemia: hyperglycemia | Capsicum | Jang | 2020 | 10 | Moderate |
| Dyslipidemia: triacylglycerol (TG) | Capsicum | Jang | 2020 | 10 | Moderate |
| Dyslipidemia: HDL‐cholesterol | Capsicum | Jang | 2020 | 10 | Moderate |
| Dyslipidemia: LDL‐cholesterol | Capsicum | Jang | 2020 | 10 | Moderate |
| Dyslipidemia: Total‐cholesterol | Capsicum | Jang | 2020 | 10 | Moderate |
| Insulin | Capsinoids and fermented red pepper | Reza Amini | 2021 | 11 | Moderate |
| HOMA‐IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance | Capsinoids and fermented red pepper | Reza Amini | 2021 | 11 | Moderate |
| Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) | Capsinoids and fermented red pepper | Reza Amini | 2021 | 11 | Moderate |
| Blood sugar | Capsinoids and fermented red pepper | Reza Amini | 2021 | 11 | Moderate |
| Hypertension: systolic blood pressure (SBP) | Red pepper/Capsaicin | Shirani | 2021 | 11 | Moderate |
| Hypertension: diastolic blood pressure (DBP) | Red pepper/Capsaicin | Shirani | 2021 | 11 | Moderate |
| Heart rate | Red pepper/Capsaicin | Shirani | 2021 | 11 | Moderate |
| Hypertension: systolic blood pressure (SBP) | Fermented red pepper | Reza Amini | 2021 | 11 | Moderate |
| Hypertension: diastolic blood pressure (DBP) | Fermented red pepper | Reza Amini | 2021 | 11 | Moderate |
| Energy expenditure, EE | Capsaicin and capsiate | Zsiborás | 2018 | 10 | Moderate |
| Respiratory quotient, RQ | Capsaicin and capsiate | Zsiborás | 2018 | 10 | Moderate |
| Energy expenditure, EE | Capsaicin | Ludy | 2012 | 5 | Moderate |
| Respiratory quotient, RQ | Capsaicin | Ludy | 2012 | 5 | Moderate |
| Gastric cancer | High Spicy Food | Chen | 2017 | 11 | Low |
| Esophageal cancer | High Spicy Food | Chen | 2017 | 11 | Low |
| Gallbladder cancer | High Spicy Food | Chen | 2017 | 11 | Low |
| Others included breast cancer, colorectal cancer, laryngeal cancer, oral cancer, and pharyngeal cancer. | High Spicy Food | Chen | 2017 | 11 | Low |
| Gastric cancer | Chili | Du | 2020 | 11 | High |
| All‐cause mortality | Chili‐pepper | Yamani | 2021 | 5 | Low |
| Cardiovascular mortality | Chili‐pepper | Yamani | 2021 | 5 | Low |
| Cancer mortality | Chili‐pepper | Yamani | 2021 | 5 | Low |
| Cerebrovascular accident deaths | Chili‐pepper | Yamani | 2021 | 5 | Low |
| All‐cause mortality | Spicy food | Ofori‐Asenso | 2021 | 10 | Low |
| Cardiovascular mortality | Spicy food | Ofori‐Asenso | 2021 | 10 | Low |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | Spicy food | Castillo | 2015 | 3 | Very low |