Skip to main content
. 2022 Feb 28;15(1):193–216. doi: 10.1111/aphw.12351

TABLE 1.

Measures and descriptive results

Variable Measure Sample question Response scale T1 mean (SD) T2 mean (SD) T3 mean (SD) T4 mean (SD)
Wellbeing Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale e.g., I've been feeling good about myself None of the time (1)–all of the time (5) 3.773 (0.498) 3.846 (0.516)
Behavioral interdependence Group Identification Scale e.g., all members need to contribute to achieve the team's goals Strongly disagree (1)–strongly agree (7) 5.942 (1.024)
Mood Brunel Mood Scale
Anger e.g., bitter Not at all (1)–extremely (5) 0.106 (0.251) 0.272 (0.566)
Confusion e.g., muddled Not at all (1)–extremely (5) 0.332 (0.397) 0.348 (0.538)
Depression e.g., downhearted Not at all (1)–extremely (5) 0.118 (0.281) 0.256 (0.579)
Fatigue e.g., tired Not at all (1)–extremely (5) 0.713 (0.592) 2.783 (0.975)
Tension e.g., worried Not at all (1)–extremely (5) 1.109 (0.821) 0.232 (0.433)
Vigor e.g., energetic Not at all (1)–extremely (5) 2.404 (0.731) 1.967 (0.949)
Perceptions of relationship Perceptions of relationship
Closeness e.g., how much do you enjoy spending time with your team members? Not at all (1)–very much (7) 5.767 (0.803) 5.374 (1.037)
Similarity e.g., my team members and I have a similar outlook on life Not at all (1)–very much (7) 5.064 (1.088) 4.953 (1.204)
Everyday centrality e.g., how often do you talk to your team members? Not at all (1)–very much (7) 5.108 (1.207) 4.600 (1.515)
Bonding 5.343 (0.786) 5.652 (0.842) 5.046 (1.072)
Connected Single question How connected do you feel to the other members of your team? Not at all (1)–very much (7) 5.410 (1.164) 5.964 (1.158) 5.205 (1.319)
Bonded Single question How bonded do you feel to the other members of your team? Not at all (1)–very much (7) 5.627 (1.054) 6.051 (1.058) 5.416 (1.330)
Committed Single question How committed do you feel to the other members of your team? Not at all (1)–very much (7) 6.075 (0.991) 6.142 (1.040) 5.453 (1.369)
Identity fusion The pictorial measure of fusion Please indicate which of the following images best describes your relationship to your team 1–5, where 1 shows separate circles (representing self and team, respectively) and 5 shows completely overlapping circles. 4.261 (0.817) 4.464 (0.787) 4.112 (0.975)
Perceived support Perceived Availability of Support in Sport Questionnaire (T2)
Emotional e.g., … show concern for you? Not at all (0)–very much (6) 5.106 (0.849)
Esteem e.g., … boost your sense of competence? Not at all (0)–very much (6) 5.128 (0.824)
Received support Athletes' Received Support Questionnaire (T3) a
Emotional e.g., … comfort you? Not at all (1)–very much (5) 3.961 (0.819)
Esteem e.g., … encourage you? Not at all (1)–very much (5) 4.075 (0.835)
Stress appraisal Stress Appraisal Measure
Threat (emotion) e.g., … anxious. Not at all (1)–extremely (5) 2.286 (0.906)
Threat (outcome) e.g., … the outcome will be negative. Not at all (1)–extremely (5) 1.260 (0.451)
Challenge e.g., … it will have a positive impact on you Not at all (1)–extremely (5) 4.539 (0.493)
Centrality e.g., … it will have important consequences for you Not at all (1)–extremely (5) 2.975 (0.804)
Collective efficacy Collective Efficacy for Sports (short version) e.g., do you think your team is effectively prepared for the activities? Not at all (0)–very much (10) 7.466 (1.532)
Actual interdependence Single items on help and need Thinking about your team as a whole … 6.091 (1.532)
Help … how much did you need each other? Not at all (1)–very much (7) 6.026 (1.139)
Need … how much did you help each other? Not at all (1)–very much (7) 6.155 (1.044)
Performance satisfaction 4.507 (0.641)
Individual Single item How satisfied are you with your individual performance? Not at all (1)–very much (5) 4.426 (0.840)
Team Single item How satisfied are you with the performance of your team? Not at all (1)–very much (5) 4.589 (0.684)
Performance relative to expectation 6.734 (1.694)
Individual Single item How does your individual performance compare to your expectations before the event? 1 (much worse than expected)–5 (as expected)–10 (much better than expected) 6.553 (2.006)
Team Single item How does the performance of your team compare to your expectations before the event? 1 (much worse than expected)–5 (as expected)–10 (much better than expected) 6.914 (1.781)
Discomfort 6.508 (1.919)
Fatigue Single item How much fatigue did you experience overall? None at all (1)–extremely high (10) 6.508 (2.372)
Pain Single item How much pain did you experience overall? None at all (1)–extremely high (10) 6.508 (1.950)
Effort Single item How much effort did you put in overall? None at all (1)–extremely high (10) 9.223 (0.998)
a

Response options were adapted from the original published scale (1–5: Not at all, once or twice, three or four times, five or six times, seven or more times).