TABLE 1.
Variable | Measure | Sample question | Response scale | T1 mean (SD) | T2 mean (SD) | T3 mean (SD) | T4 mean (SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wellbeing | Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale | e.g., I've been feeling good about myself | None of the time (1)–all of the time (5) | 3.773 (0.498) | — | — | 3.846 (0.516) |
Behavioral interdependence | Group Identification Scale | e.g., all members need to contribute to achieve the team's goals | Strongly disagree (1)–strongly agree (7) | — | 5.942 (1.024) | — | — |
Mood | Brunel Mood Scale | ||||||
Anger | e.g., bitter | Not at all (1)–extremely (5) | — | 0.106 (0.251) | 0.272 (0.566) | — | |
Confusion | e.g., muddled | Not at all (1)–extremely (5) | — | 0.332 (0.397) | 0.348 (0.538) | — | |
Depression | e.g., downhearted | Not at all (1)–extremely (5) | — | 0.118 (0.281) | 0.256 (0.579) | — | |
Fatigue | e.g., tired | Not at all (1)–extremely (5) | — | 0.713 (0.592) | 2.783 (0.975) | — | |
Tension | e.g., worried | Not at all (1)–extremely (5) | — | 1.109 (0.821) | 0.232 (0.433) | — | |
Vigor | e.g., energetic | Not at all (1)–extremely (5) | — | 2.404 (0.731) | 1.967 (0.949) | — | |
Perceptions of relationship | Perceptions of relationship | ||||||
Closeness | e.g., how much do you enjoy spending time with your team members? | Not at all (1)–very much (7) | — | 5.767 (0.803) | — | 5.374 (1.037) | |
Similarity | e.g., my team members and I have a similar outlook on life | Not at all (1)–very much (7) | — | 5.064 (1.088) | — | 4.953 (1.204) | |
Everyday centrality | e.g., how often do you talk to your team members? | Not at all (1)–very much (7) | — | 5.108 (1.207) | — | 4.600 (1.515) | |
Bonding | 5.343 (0.786) | 5.652 (0.842) | 5.046 (1.072) | ||||
Connected | Single question | How connected do you feel to the other members of your team? | Not at all (1)–very much (7) | — | 5.410 (1.164) | 5.964 (1.158) | 5.205 (1.319) |
Bonded | Single question | How bonded do you feel to the other members of your team? | Not at all (1)–very much (7) | — | 5.627 (1.054) | 6.051 (1.058) | 5.416 (1.330) |
Committed | Single question | How committed do you feel to the other members of your team? | Not at all (1)–very much (7) | — | 6.075 (0.991) | 6.142 (1.040) | 5.453 (1.369) |
Identity fusion | The pictorial measure of fusion | Please indicate which of the following images best describes your relationship to your team | 1–5, where 1 shows separate circles (representing self and team, respectively) and 5 shows completely overlapping circles. | — | 4.261 (0.817) | 4.464 (0.787) | 4.112 (0.975) |
Perceived support | Perceived Availability of Support in Sport Questionnaire (T2) | ||||||
Emotional | e.g., … show concern for you? | Not at all (0)–very much (6) | — | 5.106 (0.849) | — | — | |
Esteem | e.g., … boost your sense of competence? | Not at all (0)–very much (6) | — | 5.128 (0.824) | — | — | |
Received support | Athletes' Received Support Questionnaire (T3) a | ||||||
Emotional | e.g., … comfort you? | Not at all (1)–very much (5) | — | 3.961 (0.819) | — | — | |
Esteem | e.g., … encourage you? | Not at all (1)–very much (5) | — | 4.075 (0.835) | — | — | |
Stress appraisal | Stress Appraisal Measure | ||||||
Threat (emotion) | e.g., … anxious. | Not at all (1)–extremely (5) | — | 2.286 (0.906) | — | — | |
Threat (outcome) | e.g., … the outcome will be negative. | Not at all (1)–extremely (5) | — | 1.260 (0.451) | — | — | |
Challenge | e.g., … it will have a positive impact on you | Not at all (1)–extremely (5) | — | 4.539 (0.493) | — | — | |
Centrality | e.g., … it will have important consequences for you | Not at all (1)–extremely (5) | — | 2.975 (0.804) | — | — | |
Collective efficacy | Collective Efficacy for Sports (short version) | e.g., do you think your team is effectively prepared for the activities? | Not at all (0)–very much (10) | — | 7.466 (1.532) | — | — |
Actual interdependence | Single items on help and need | Thinking about your team as a whole … | — | — | 6.091 (1.532) | — | |
Help | … how much did you need each other? | Not at all (1)–very much (7) | — | — | 6.026 (1.139) | — | |
Need | … how much did you help each other? | Not at all (1)–very much (7) | — | — | 6.155 (1.044) | — | |
Performance satisfaction | — | — | 4.507 (0.641) | — | |||
Individual | Single item | How satisfied are you with your individual performance? | Not at all (1)–very much (5) | — | — | 4.426 (0.840) | — |
Team | Single item | How satisfied are you with the performance of your team? | Not at all (1)–very much (5) | — | — | 4.589 (0.684) | — |
Performance relative to expectation | — | — | 6.734 (1.694) | — | |||
Individual | Single item | How does your individual performance compare to your expectations before the event? | 1 (much worse than expected)–5 (as expected)–10 (much better than expected) | — | — | 6.553 (2.006) | — |
Team | Single item | How does the performance of your team compare to your expectations before the event? | 1 (much worse than expected)–5 (as expected)–10 (much better than expected) | — | — | 6.914 (1.781) | — |
Discomfort | — | — | 6.508 (1.919) | — | |||
Fatigue | Single item | How much fatigue did you experience overall? | None at all (1)–extremely high (10) | — | — | 6.508 (2.372) | — |
Pain | Single item | How much pain did you experience overall? | None at all (1)–extremely high (10) | — | — | 6.508 (1.950) | — |
Effort | Single item | How much effort did you put in overall? | None at all (1)–extremely high (10) | — | — | 9.223 (0.998) | — |
Response options were adapted from the original published scale (1–5: Not at all, once or twice, three or four times, five or six times, seven or more times).