Table 1.
Participant demographics and baseline characteristics
| non‐DM (n = 27) | pre‐DM (n = 28) | DM (n = 25) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 47.5 ± 2.5a | 55.8 ± 3.0a,b | 56.2 ± 2.5b |
| Gender, n (%) | |||
| Male | 11 (40.7)a | 9 (32.1)a | 19 (76.0)b |
| Female | 16 (59.3)a | 19 (67.9)a | 6 (24.0)b |
| Race, n (%)† | |||
| Asian | 1 (3.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.0) |
| Black/African American | 7 (25.9) | 3 (10.7) | 6 (24.0) |
| White | 16 (59.3) | 24 (85.7) | 18 (72.0) |
| Other | 3 (11.1) | 1 (3.6) | 0 (0.0) |
| HbA1c | 5.2 ± 0.1a | 5.8 ± 0.1b | 7.2 ± 0.1c |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 95 ± 3.6a | 112 ± 3.6b | 167 ± 3.6c |
| BMI | 28.2 ± 0.9a | 29.6 ± 1.1a, b | 31.2 ± 0.9b |
Note: Data are reported as the LSM ± SE, and groups not sharing a common superscript are significantly different (P < .05). Age, HbA1c, fasting glucose, and BMI were analyzed using analysis of variance, with effects for glycemia group and site. Gender was analyzed using the Cochran‐Mantel‐Haenszel test, and race was analyzed using Fisher exact test. BMI is calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; LSM, least squared means; non‐DM, without diabetes mellitus; pre‐DM, pre‐diabetes mellitus.
†
No significant differences between groups.