TABLE 1.
Characteristics of the study population by pulmonary function (PF) group in the cognitively intact group and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) group
| Cognitively intact group (N = 985) | MCI group (N = 327) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Lowest PF (n = 304) | Middle PF (n = 346) | Highest PF (n = 335) | P | Lowest PF (n = 127) | Middle PF (n = 100) | Highest PF (n = 100) | P |
| Follow‐up time, years | 3.93 (2.00, 6.07) | 5.03 (2.78, 8.06) | 5.99 (2.65, 8.71) | – | 3.01 (1.92, 5.92) | 4.05 (2.11, 6.72) | 3.90 (1.97, 7.48) | – |
| Age, years | 82.15 ± 6.26 | 78.16 ± 6.93 | 75.10 ± 7.83 | <0.001 | 83.35 ± 7.60 | 82.29 ± 7.47 | 80.81 ± 7.23 | 0.011 |
| Female | 288 (94.74) | 316 (91.33) | 165 (49.25) | <0.001 | 115 (90.55) | 78 (78.00) | 35 (35.00) | <0.001 |
| Education, years | 14.14 ± 3.21 | 14.48 ± 2.99 | 15.60 ± 3.40 | <0.001 | 14.20 ± 3.43 | 14.54 ± 2.69 | 15.01 ± 2.98 | 0.155 |
| Income | 6.30 ± 2.65 | 6.82 ± 2.48 | 7.64 ± 2.39 | <0.001 | 5.92 ± 2.69 | 6.72 ± 2.42 | 7.44 ± 2.47 | 0.252 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.93 ± 5.60 | 27.60 ± 5.18 | 27.44 ± 5.31 | 0.587 | 27.11 ± 4.82 | 27.06 ± 5.61 | 26.62 ± 5.38 | 0.517 |
| Smoking | 0.287 | 0.326 | ||||||
| Never | 190 (62.50) | 212 (61.27) | 183 (54.63) | 65 (52.00) | 60 (60.00) | 58 (58.00) | ||
| Ever smoker | 106 (34.87) | 123 (35.55) | 140 (41.79) | 57 (45.60) | 37 (37.00) | 42 (42.00) | ||
| Current smoker | 8 (2.63) | 11 (3.18) | 12 (3.58) | 3 (2.40) | 3 (3.00) | 0 (0.00) | ||
| Alcohol consumption, g/day | 0.00 (0.00, 4.32) | 0.00 (0.00, 4.32) | 2.16 (0.00, 10.80) | <0.001 | 0.00 (0.00, 2.40) | 0.00 (0.00, 4.13) | 1.08 (0.00, 10.58) | 0.011 |
| Physical activity, h/week | 2.08 (0.63, 4.00) | 2.39 (0.75, 4.42) | 3.25 (1.70, 5.50) | <0.001 | 1.67 (0.50‐4.00) | 1.67 (0.50, 4.25) | 2.71 (0.75, 5.04) | 0.028 |
| Stroke | 26 (9.22) | 23 (7.28) | 18 (6.02) | 0.337 | 18 (15.38) | 5 (5.88) | 6 (6.98) | 0.045 |
| Heart disease | 38 (12.50) | 32 (9.25) | 36 (10.75) | 0.410 | 21 (16.54) | 20 (20.00) | 9 (9.00) | 0.086 |
| Diabetes | 43 (14.14) | 47 (13.58) | 55 (16.42) | 0.339 | 17 (13.39) | 11 (11.00) | 14 (14.00) | 0.296 |
| Hypertension | 249 (81.91) | 256 (73.99) | 221 (65.97) | <0.001 | 97 (76.38) | 71 (71.00) | 73 (73.00) | 0.646 |
| Depression | 83 (27.30) | 61 (17.63) | 60 (18.07) | 0.003 | 39 (31.20) | 35 (35.00) | 15 (15.00) | 0.003 |
| APOE ɛ4 carriers | 59 (19.47) | 61 (17.99) | 81 (24.55) | 0.092 | 28 (22.95) | 23 (23.23) | 35 (35.35) | 0.073 |
| Death during follow‐up | 183 (60.20) | 136 (39.31) | 112 (33.43) | <0.001 | 92 (72.44) | 61 (61.00) | 58 (58.00) | 0.053 |
| Autopsy | 154 (50.33) | 120 (34.68) | 102 (30.45) | <0.001 | 65 (51.18) | 49 (49.00) | 50 (50.00) | 0.948 |
Values are mean ± SD, n (%), or median (interquartile range).
APOE ε4, apolipoprotein ε4; BMI, body mass index; MCI, mild cognitive impairment.
The number of subjects with missing values was 33 (3.35%) for income, 13 (1.32%) for APOE ε4, 19 (1.93%) for BMI, and 88 (8.93%) for stroke in the cognitively intact group; 2 (0.61%) for alcohol consumption, 7 (2.14%) for APOE ε4 genotype, 6 (1.83%) for BMI, 29 (8.87%) for stroke, and 2 (0.61%) for smoking status in the MCI group.