TABLE 3.
Associations of anxiety symptoms, depression symptoms, and facets of well‐being (Wave 2) with subsequent overall suffering assessed 1 month later (Wave 3)
| Overall suffering | ||
|---|---|---|
| Candidate antecedent | β [95% CI] | E‐values [EE, LCI] |
| Psychological distress | ||
| Anxiety symptoms | 0.24 [0.17, 0.32]*** | [1.80, 1.60] |
| Depression symptoms | 0.26 [0.18, 0.33]*** | [1.84, 1.64] |
| Well‐being | ||
| Life satisfaction | −0.22 [−0.30, −0.15]*** | [1.76, 1.55] |
| Happiness | −0.20 [−0.29, −0.12]*** | [1.70, 1.48] |
| Physical health | −0.05 [−0.13, 0.02] | [1.28, 1.00] |
| Mental health | −0.19 [−0.27, −0.10]*** | [1.65, 1.42] |
| Meaning in life | −0.21 [−0.29, −0.13]*** | [1.72, 1.49] |
| Sense of purpose | −0.17 [−0.26, −0.09]*** | [1.62, 1.39] |
| Promote good | −0.05 [−0.12, 0.02] | [1.26, 1.00] |
| Delayed gratification | −0.00 [−0.08, 0.07] | [1.06, 1.00] |
| Content with relationships | −0.12 [−0.20, −0.04]*** | [1.47, 1.23] |
| Satisfying relationships | −0.10 [−0.18, −0.01]* | [1.41, 1.13] |
Note: n = 594 for all analyses. In separate models, ordinary least squares regressions were used to regress overall suffering on each of the candidate antecedents. Regression models estimate the mean change (β) in the standardized scores of the outcome with the change in the candidate antecedent. Candidate antecedents and the outcome were continuous and standardized (M = 0, SD = 1). All models adjusted for prior values of age, gender, ethnic status, marital status, educational attainment, religious status, dimensions of religious orientation (i.e., intrinsic, extrinsic, and quest), frequency of religious service attendance, financial and material stability assessed in Wave 1, prior values of all candidate antecedents (i.e., anxiety symptoms, depression symptoms, and each facet of well‐being) assessed in Wave 1, and prior values of overall suffering assessed in Wave 1.
Abbreviations: β, standardized effect size; CI, confidence interval; EE, E‐value for the effect estimate; LCI, E‐value for the limit of the confidence interval.
*p < 0.05 before Bonferroni correction, ***p < 0.05 after Bonferroni correction (the p‐value cutoff for Bonferroni correction was 0.05/12 = 0.004 for each outcome).