Table 1.
Summary of findings on the efficacy of various interventions to reduce SBP.
| Intervention | Direct comparisons/ participant | Relative effect (95% CI) | Certainty of evidence (CINEMA) | SUCRA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CCB | 1 RCTs; 68 participants | −23.67 (−36.34, −11) | ⊕⊕ OO | 97.76% |
| ARB | 6 RCTs; 3,044 participants | −12.5 (−17.59, −7.54) | ⊕⊕⊕ O | 82.88% |
| TCD bubble | 2 RCTs; 220 participants | −13.44 (−22, −4.64) | ⊕⊕ OO | 82.37% |
| HIIT | 2 RCTs; 44 participants | −12.46 (−22.42, −2.39) | ⊕⊕ OO | 77.58% |
| LSM + drug | 2 RCTs; 924 participants | −11.07 (−18.5, −3.49) | ⊕⊕ OO | 74.03% |
| AE | 2 RCTs; 138 participants | −10.65 (−17.12, −4.32) | ⊕⊕⊕ O | 73.01% |
| Baduanjin + Acupoint | 1 RCTs; 118 participants | −10.48 (−22.33, 1.6) | ⊕ OOO | 67.10% |
| DASH | 2 RCTs; 332 participants | −9.21 (−16.47, −1.67) | ⊕⊕⊕ O | 64.40% |
| Medicinal herbs taking | 17 RCTs; 1,890 participants | −8.51 (−11.71, −5.33) | ⊕⊕ OO | 63.17% |
| AE + RE | 2 RCTs; 70 participants | −8.23 (−16.72, 0.38) | ⊕⊕⊕ O | 58.25% |
| Diuretic | 1 RCTs; 730 participants | −7.92 (−14.44, −1.24) | ⊕⊕ OO | 57.27% |
| Yoga | 1 RCTs; 100 participants | −7.73 (−20.29, 4.44) | ⊕ OOO | 54.43% |
| Acupoint therapy | 7 RCTs; 513 participants | −7.3 (−12.1, −2.57) | ⊕ OOO | 54.16% |
| TPM dietary habit | 1 RCTs; 84 participants | −7.13(−19.32, 5.19) | ⊕ OOO | 51.52% |
| RE | 3 RCTs; 70 participants | −6.54 (−13.87, 0.71) | ⊕ OOO | 48.80% |
| Allopurinol | 1 RCTs; 72 participants | −5.95 (−19.53, 7.46) | ⊕ OOO | 45.96% |
| EMG | 2 RCTs; 71 participants | −5.6 (−14.46, 3.32) | ⊕ OOO | 43.29% |
| LSM | 9 RCTs; 2,856 participants | −5.77 (−8.44, −3.12) | ⊕ OOO | 43.18% |
| Statins | 3 RCTs; 203 participants | −5.32 (−13.06, 2.41) | ⊕ OOO | 41.44% |
| MBSR | 2 RCTs; 592 participants | −4.23 (−12.9, 4.44) | ⊕ OOO | 35.54% |
| TCM constitution intervention | 4 RCTs; 617 participants | −4.27 (−10.44, 1.8) | ⊕ OOO | 34.39% |
| Remote guided LSM | 5 RCTs; 1,035 participants | −4.1 (−9.67, 1.35) | ⊕ OOO | 33.11% |
| Food extract | 19 RCTs; 1,561 participants | −4.27 (−7.24, −1.31) | ⊕⊕⊕ O | 32.79% |
| Salt restriction | 3 RCTs; 1,177 participants | −3.86 (−10.95, 3.15) | ⊕ OOO | 32.63% |
| Lose weight | 1 RCTs; 564 participants | −2.82 (−14.79, 9.11) | ⊕ OOO | 31.11% |
| Homeopathy | 1 RCTs; 84 participants | −2.72 (−14.95, 9.27) | ⊕ OOO | 30.77% |
| Micronutrients | 3 RCTs; 734 participants | −3.27 (−8.99, 2.61) | ⊕⊕ OO | 28.08% |
| Beta blocker | 2 RCTs; 115 participants | −2.56 (−11.32, 6.31) | ⊕ OOO | 26.76% |
| AE + Acupoint | 1 RCTs; 100 participants | −1.42 (−13.45, 10.76) | ⊕ OOO | 24.93% |
| Control | 9.31% |
CI, confidence interval; RR, risk ratio; SUCRA, surface under the cumulative ranking; AE, aerobic exercise; HIIT, high-intensity interval training; RE, resistance exercise; DASH, dietary approaches to stop hypertension; TPM, Traditional Persian Medicine; TCD, traditional Chinese drug; EMG, electromyographic; MBSR, mindfulness-based stress reduction; LSM, lifestyle modification; TCM, Traditional Chinese Medicine; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; CCB, calcium channel blockers.
⊕ ⊕ ⊕ O, moderate quality.
⊕ ⊕ OO, low quality.
⊕ OOO, very low quality.