Skip to main content
. 2023 Mar 23;11:1139617. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1139617

Table 1.

Summary of findings on the efficacy of various interventions to reduce SBP.

Intervention Direct comparisons/ participant Relative effect (95% CI) Certainty of evidence (CINEMA) SUCRA
CCB 1 RCTs; 68 participants −23.67 (−36.34, −11) ⊕⊕ OO 97.76%
ARB 6 RCTs; 3,044 participants −12.5 (−17.59, −7.54) ⊕⊕⊕ O 82.88%
TCD bubble 2 RCTs; 220 participants −13.44 (−22, −4.64) ⊕⊕ OO 82.37%
HIIT 2 RCTs; 44 participants −12.46 (−22.42, −2.39) ⊕⊕ OO 77.58%
LSM + drug 2 RCTs; 924 participants −11.07 (−18.5, −3.49) ⊕⊕ OO 74.03%
AE 2 RCTs; 138 participants −10.65 (−17.12, −4.32) ⊕⊕⊕ O 73.01%
Baduanjin + Acupoint 1 RCTs; 118 participants −10.48 (−22.33, 1.6) ⊕ OOO 67.10%
DASH 2 RCTs; 332 participants −9.21 (−16.47, −1.67) ⊕⊕⊕ O 64.40%
Medicinal herbs taking 17 RCTs; 1,890 participants −8.51 (−11.71, −5.33) ⊕⊕ OO 63.17%
AE + RE 2 RCTs; 70 participants −8.23 (−16.72, 0.38) ⊕⊕⊕ O 58.25%
Diuretic 1 RCTs; 730 participants −7.92 (−14.44, −1.24) ⊕⊕ OO 57.27%
Yoga 1 RCTs; 100 participants −7.73 (−20.29, 4.44) ⊕ OOO 54.43%
Acupoint therapy 7 RCTs; 513 participants −7.3 (−12.1, −2.57) ⊕ OOO 54.16%
TPM dietary habit 1 RCTs; 84 participants −7.13(−19.32, 5.19) ⊕ OOO 51.52%
RE 3 RCTs; 70 participants −6.54 (−13.87, 0.71) ⊕ OOO 48.80%
Allopurinol 1 RCTs; 72 participants −5.95 (−19.53, 7.46) ⊕ OOO 45.96%
EMG 2 RCTs; 71 participants −5.6 (−14.46, 3.32) ⊕ OOO 43.29%
LSM 9 RCTs; 2,856 participants −5.77 (−8.44, −3.12) ⊕ OOO 43.18%
Statins 3 RCTs; 203 participants −5.32 (−13.06, 2.41) ⊕ OOO 41.44%
MBSR 2 RCTs; 592 participants −4.23 (−12.9, 4.44) ⊕ OOO 35.54%
TCM constitution intervention 4 RCTs; 617 participants −4.27 (−10.44, 1.8) ⊕ OOO 34.39%
Remote guided LSM 5 RCTs; 1,035 participants −4.1 (−9.67, 1.35) ⊕ OOO 33.11%
Food extract 19 RCTs; 1,561 participants −4.27 (−7.24, −1.31) ⊕⊕⊕ O 32.79%
Salt restriction 3 RCTs; 1,177 participants −3.86 (−10.95, 3.15) ⊕ OOO 32.63%
Lose weight 1 RCTs; 564 participants −2.82 (−14.79, 9.11) ⊕ OOO 31.11%
Homeopathy 1 RCTs; 84 participants −2.72 (−14.95, 9.27) ⊕ OOO 30.77%
Micronutrients 3 RCTs; 734 participants −3.27 (−8.99, 2.61) ⊕⊕ OO 28.08%
Beta blocker 2 RCTs; 115 participants −2.56 (−11.32, 6.31) ⊕ OOO 26.76%
AE + Acupoint 1 RCTs; 100 participants −1.42 (−13.45, 10.76) ⊕ OOO 24.93%
Control 9.31%

CI, confidence interval; RR, risk ratio; SUCRA, surface under the cumulative ranking; AE, aerobic exercise; HIIT, high-intensity interval training; RE, resistance exercise; DASH, dietary approaches to stop hypertension; TPM, Traditional Persian Medicine; TCD, traditional Chinese drug; EMG, electromyographic; MBSR, mindfulness-based stress reduction; LSM, lifestyle modification; TCM, Traditional Chinese Medicine; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; CCB, calcium channel blockers.

⊕ ⊕ ⊕ O, moderate quality.

⊕ ⊕ OO, low quality.

⊕ OOO, very low quality.