Table 2.
Summary of findings on the efficacy of various interventions to reduce DBP.
| Intervention | Direct comparisons/ participant | Relative effect (95% CI) | Certainty of evidence (CINEMA) | SUCRA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CCB | 1 RCTs; 68 participants | −12.44 (−20.81, −4.04) | ⊕⊕⊕ O | 92.78% |
| AE + RE | 2 RCTs; 70 participants | −11.02 (−16.73, −5.21) | ⊕⊕⊕⊕ | 91.89% |
| LSM + drug | 2 RCTs; 924 participants | −10.08 (−14.93, −5.28) | ⊕⊕⊕ O | 89.70% |
| AE | 2 RCTs; 138 participants | −8.03 (−12.25, −3.69) | ⊕⊕⊕⊕ | 82.95% |
| HIIT | 2 RCTs; 44 participants | −7.46 (−14.89, −0.13) | ⊕⊕⊕ O | 74.14% |
| ARB | 6 RCTs; 3,044 participants | −6.42 (−9.69, −3.26) | ⊕⊕ OO | 72.83% |
| RE | 3 RCTs; 70 participants | −6 (−11.24, −0.59) | ⊕⊕⊕ O | 67.47% |
| DASH | 2 RCTs; 332 participants | −5.81 (−10.8, −0.81) | ⊕⊕⊕ O | 66.09% |
| TCD bubble | 2 RCTs; 220 participants | −5.87 (−11.7, −0.08) | ⊕⊕⊕ O | 66.01% |
| Medicinal herbs taking | 17 RCTs; 1,890 participants | −5.24 (−7.42, −3.09) | ⊕⊕ OO | 64.51% |
| Allopurinol | 1 RCTs; 72 participants | −5.03 (−13.31, 3.32) | ⊕ OOO | 57.75% |
| Yoga | 1 RCTs; 100 participants | −4.6 (−12.63, 3.52) | ⊕⊕ OO | 54.91% |
| Diuretic | 1 RCTs; 730 participants | −3.95 (−8.24, 0.38) | ⊕⊕ OO | 51.59% |
| TPM dietary habit | 1 RCTs; 84 participants | −3.9 (−12.01, 4.29) | ⊕ OOO | 49.91% |
| LSM | 9 RCTs; 2,856 participants | −3.56 (−5.33, −1.79) | ⊕ OOO | 48.42% |
| EMG | 2 RCTs; 71 participants | −2.98 (−8.93, 3) | ⊕ OOO | 43.29% |
| Statins | 3 RCTs; 203 participants | −2.85 (−8.27, 2.53) | ⊕⊕ OO | 42.25% |
| Acupoint therapy | 7 RCTs; 513 participants | −2.69 (−5.86, 0.51) | ⊕ OOO | 40.09% |
| Beta blocker | 2 RCTs; 115 participants | −2.42 (−8.09, 3.44) | ⊕ OOO | 38.80% |
| Lose weight | 1 RCTs; 564 participants | −2.2 (−9.9, 5.64) | ⊕⊕ OO | 38.15% |
| Salt restriction | 3 RCTs; 1,177 participants | −2.18 (−6.91, 2.46) | ⊕⊕ OO | 36.34% |
| Food extract | 18 RCTs; 1,521 participants | −2.06 (−4.08, −0.06) | ⊕⊕⊕ O | 34.16% |
| Homeopathy | 1 RCTs; 84 participants | −1.58 (−9.68, 6.49) | ⊕⊕ OO | 34.11% |
| TCM constitution intervention | 4 RCTs; 617 participants | −1.54 (−5.56, 2.46) | ⊕ OOO | 30.40% |
| AE + Acupoint | 1 RCTs; 100 participants | −0.47 (−8.58, 7.51) | ⊕⊕ OO | 26.97% |
| Remote guided LSM | 4 RCTs; 1,012 participants | −0.99 (−4.92, 2.91) | ⊕⊕ OO | 25.77% |
| MBSR | 2 RCTs; 592 participants | −0.71 (−6.49, 5.07) | ⊕⊕ OO | 25.74% |
| Baduanjin + Acupoint | 1 RCTs; 118 participants | 0.02 (−8.28, 8.35) | ⊕ OOO | 24.22% |
| Micronutrients | 3 RCTs; 734 participants | 0.46 (−3.41, 4.37) | ⊕⊕ OO | 15.21% |
| Control | 15.18% |
CI, confidence interval; RR, risk ratio; SUCRA, surface under the cumulative ranking; AE, aerobic exercise; HIIT, high-intensity interval training; RE, resistance exercise; DASH, dietary approaches to stop hypertension; TPM, Traditional Persian Medicine; TCD, traditional Chinese drug; EMG, electromyographic; MBSR, mindfulness-based stress reduction; LSM, lifestyle modification; TCM, Traditional Chinese Medicine; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; CCB, calcium channel blockers.
⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕, high quality.
⊕ ⊕ ⊕ O, moderate quality.
⊕ ⊕ OO, low quality.
⊕ OOO, very low quality.