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. 2023 Mar 23;11:1139617. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1139617

Table 2.

Summary of findings on the efficacy of various interventions to reduce DBP.

Intervention Direct comparisons/ participant Relative effect (95% CI) Certainty of evidence (CINEMA) SUCRA
CCB 1 RCTs; 68 participants −12.44 (−20.81, −4.04) ⊕⊕⊕ O 92.78%
AE + RE 2 RCTs; 70 participants −11.02 (−16.73, −5.21) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ 91.89%
LSM + drug 2 RCTs; 924 participants −10.08 (−14.93, −5.28) ⊕⊕⊕ O 89.70%
AE 2 RCTs; 138 participants −8.03 (−12.25, −3.69) ⊕⊕⊕⊕ 82.95%
HIIT 2 RCTs; 44 participants −7.46 (−14.89, −0.13) ⊕⊕⊕ O 74.14%
ARB 6 RCTs; 3,044 participants −6.42 (−9.69, −3.26) ⊕⊕ OO 72.83%
RE 3 RCTs; 70 participants −6 (−11.24, −0.59) ⊕⊕⊕ O 67.47%
DASH 2 RCTs; 332 participants −5.81 (−10.8, −0.81) ⊕⊕⊕ O 66.09%
TCD bubble 2 RCTs; 220 participants −5.87 (−11.7, −0.08) ⊕⊕⊕ O 66.01%
Medicinal herbs taking 17 RCTs; 1,890 participants −5.24 (−7.42, −3.09) ⊕⊕ OO 64.51%
Allopurinol 1 RCTs; 72 participants −5.03 (−13.31, 3.32) ⊕ OOO 57.75%
Yoga 1 RCTs; 100 participants −4.6 (−12.63, 3.52) ⊕⊕ OO 54.91%
Diuretic 1 RCTs; 730 participants −3.95 (−8.24, 0.38) ⊕⊕ OO 51.59%
TPM dietary habit 1 RCTs; 84 participants −3.9 (−12.01, 4.29) ⊕ OOO 49.91%
LSM 9 RCTs; 2,856 participants −3.56 (−5.33, −1.79) ⊕ OOO 48.42%
EMG 2 RCTs; 71 participants −2.98 (−8.93, 3) ⊕ OOO 43.29%
Statins 3 RCTs; 203 participants −2.85 (−8.27, 2.53) ⊕⊕ OO 42.25%
Acupoint therapy 7 RCTs; 513 participants −2.69 (−5.86, 0.51) ⊕ OOO 40.09%
Beta blocker 2 RCTs; 115 participants −2.42 (−8.09, 3.44) ⊕ OOO 38.80%
Lose weight 1 RCTs; 564 participants −2.2 (−9.9, 5.64) ⊕⊕ OO 38.15%
Salt restriction 3 RCTs; 1,177 participants −2.18 (−6.91, 2.46) ⊕⊕ OO 36.34%
Food extract 18 RCTs; 1,521 participants −2.06 (−4.08, −0.06) ⊕⊕⊕ O 34.16%
Homeopathy 1 RCTs; 84 participants −1.58 (−9.68, 6.49) ⊕⊕ OO 34.11%
TCM constitution intervention 4 RCTs; 617 participants −1.54 (−5.56, 2.46) ⊕ OOO 30.40%
AE + Acupoint 1 RCTs; 100 participants −0.47 (−8.58, 7.51) ⊕⊕ OO 26.97%
Remote guided LSM 4 RCTs; 1,012 participants −0.99 (−4.92, 2.91) ⊕⊕ OO 25.77%
MBSR 2 RCTs; 592 participants −0.71 (−6.49, 5.07) ⊕⊕ OO 25.74%
Baduanjin + Acupoint 1 RCTs; 118 participants 0.02 (−8.28, 8.35) ⊕ OOO 24.22%
Micronutrients 3 RCTs; 734 participants 0.46 (−3.41, 4.37) ⊕⊕ OO 15.21%
Control 15.18%

CI, confidence interval; RR, risk ratio; SUCRA, surface under the cumulative ranking; AE, aerobic exercise; HIIT, high-intensity interval training; RE, resistance exercise; DASH, dietary approaches to stop hypertension; TPM, Traditional Persian Medicine; TCD, traditional Chinese drug; EMG, electromyographic; MBSR, mindfulness-based stress reduction; LSM, lifestyle modification; TCM, Traditional Chinese Medicine; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; CCB, calcium channel blockers.

⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕, high quality.

⊕ ⊕ ⊕ O, moderate quality.

⊕ ⊕ OO, low quality.

⊕ OOO, very low quality.