Table 4.
Risk of bias in the studies included.
| Author/ measurement | Pre-intervention | During intervention | Post-intervention | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Confounding | Selection | Intervention measures | Interventions performed | Outcome measures | Reporting bias | |
| Torres et al. (35) | X Lack of control of variables | X Selection by recreation via | √ | √ | X Measurements in subsamples not the whole population | √ |
| Dill et al. (36) | X Lack of confusion management | X Selection of participation in boulevard | √ | X Losses to follow-up | X Measures vary among participants as there are losses to follow-up | √ |
| Panter et al. (37) | √ Protocol | X Selection of participation | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| Gesell et al. (38) | √ | X Broad inclusion criteria | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| Barradas et al. (39) | X Lack of control of variables | X Selection by recreation via | √ | √ | X Measurements in subsamples not the whole population | √ |
| Goodman et al. (40) | √ Protocol | X Selection of participation | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| Simões et al. (41) | X Lack of control of variables | X Selection by participation in the cities | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| Esdaile et al. (42) | X Lack of control of confounding variables | X Selection is by entry into the Peach program | √ | √ | X Measures focus on BMI | √ |
| Kapinos and Yakusheva (43) | X Lack of control of variables | X Selection by allocation of bedrooms | √ | √ | X Bias due to self-reporting measures or no direct measurement of anthropometric changes | √ |
| Hunt et al. (44) | √ | X Broad inclusion criteria in after-school program | √ | √ | X Measurements are not population-wide | √ |
| Lee et al. (45) | X Lack of control of confounding variables | X Selection is by entry into the Peach program | √ | √ | X Retrospective measures | √ |
| Allais et al. (46) | X Lack of control of confounding variables | X Selection is by use of subway stairs | √ | X Loss to follow up. | √ | √ |
| Zhu et al. (47) | X Lack of control of confounding variables | √ | √ | X Loss to follow-up | √ | X Non-uniform measurements in the two groups |
| Tarp et al. (48) | X Confusion present no nutritional information in the analysis | X Selection bias, although it establishes entry criteria | √ | X Loss to follow-up and data. | √ | √ |
| D'Agostino et al. (49) | X Lack of control of confounding variables | X Selection by participation in the program although there are broad criteria | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| Nicosia and Datar (50) | X Confusion present due to program entry at military bases | √ | √ | √ | X Risk of bias measured by self-reporting | √ |
| Mölenberg et al. (52) | X Confusion because it is handled by participation in the new spaces of the city √ | X Selection bias due to not having clear inclusion criteria | √ | X Loss of sample of the subjects evaluated because they lived far from the selection area | X Not having GPS measurements that determines the distances of the children to the work areas, and memory bias in the parents could affect the measurement | √ |
| Kapinos et al. (53) | X Lack of control of variables √√√ | X Selection by allocation of bedrooms | √ | √ | X Bias by self-report measures or by not directly measuring anthropometric changes | √ |
| Sharma et al. (54) | X Risk due to control of confounding variables | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| Madsen (55) | X Risk due to control of confounding variables X √√ √ | X Selection by allocation fitness program | √ | √ | X Risk in measurement only imc measure is reported as indirect measure of activity | √ |
| Klakk et al. (56) | √ | X Selection bias, although it establishes entry criteria √ | √ | X Loss to follow-up and data | √ | √ |
| Aittasalo et al. (57) | X Attempt is made to control variables but missing √ | X Selection by use of transportation | √ | X Loss of sample of subjects evaluated | X Bias by self-report measures and loss in accelerometry measures | X Attempt is made to control variables but missing √ |
| Stone et al. (58) | √ Protocol | X Convenience selection bias | √ | √ | X Loss of measured variables due to incomplete data | √ |
| Azevedo et al. (59) | X Lack of control of variables | X Differences in baseline between schools | √ | X Loss to follow-up and data | X Loss of measured variables due to incomplete data | √ |
| Heinen et al. (60) | X Confusion present due to participation in the program. | X Selection due to participation in the bicycle programs | √ | X Loss to follow-up | X Bias due to self-reporting measures and loss in measures | √ |
| Sarmiento et al. (61) | X Lack of control of variables | X Selection by recreo via | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| McGavock et al. (62) | X Lack of control of variables | X Selection by frozen channel use | √ | √ | X Bias by measures of register of channel use | √ |