Table 4. Studies focusing on food insecurity.

First author, y	Main objective (s)	Study design	Setting: Rural/urban	Sample size	Age (y)	Sex	Exposure (s)	Outcome (s)	Main findings
Hadley C, 2008 [26]	To examine the relationship between household and individual level food insecurity and health status among adolescent boys and girls	Data from the Jimma population based Longitudinal Family Survey of Youth (JLFSY) using multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method	Urban/rural	2084	13–17	M/F	Sex	Food insecurity assessed by a 6-item household food insecurity scale	Overall food insecure adolescents 13.9% (adolescents from medium food insecure households 30.8% (Boys 12.4%, girls 15.3%) and from severe food insecure household 20.5% (boys 20.9%, girls 41.0%) Boys and girls were equally likely to be living in severely food insecure households. Despite no differences in their households’ food insecurity status, girls were more likely than boys to report being food insecure themselves
Belachew T, 2012 [24]	To identify predictors of food insecurity among adolescents	Data from the Jimma Longitudinal Family Survey of Youth (JLFSY)	Urban/rural	1911	13–17	M/F	Residence,	Chronic Food insecurity	20.5% of adolescents were food insecure in the first-round survey and increased to 48.4% one year later. In the one year follow up 54.8% and 14.0% of the youth encountered transient and chronic food insecurity respectively. In urban households with low (AOR = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.2, 2.5) and middle (AOR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.2, 2.6) income tertiles were nearly twice as likely to suffer from chronic food insecurity. Female sex (AOR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.2, 2.1), high dependency ratio (AOR = 1.5; 95% CI: 1.0, 2.2) and household food insecurity (AOR = 2.7; 95% CI: 2.0, 3.6) were predictors of chronic adolescent food insecurity in urban, semi-urban, and rural areas, educational status of the adolescents was negatively associated with chronic food insecurity (AOR = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.3, 0.8)
Belachew T, 2013 [25]	To examine the association between food insecurity and linear growth among adolescents	The Jimma Longitudinal Family Survey of Youth (JLFSY)	Urban/rural	2084	13–17	M/F	Sex	Food insecurity	Food insecurity: at baseline and 1 year follow up was 15.9% in girls and 12.2% in boys (P = 0.018). In all the 3 follow-ups 5.5% girls and 4.4% boys (P = 0.331) were from food insecure households. Girls (40%) and boys (36.6%) (P = 0.045) were food insecure at least in one of the three survey rounds. Trends of food insecurity increased from 20.5% at the baseline to 48.4% on the 1 year follow up, and reversed down to 27.1% at the 2 years follow up survey. The mean height of food insecure girls was shorter by 0.87 cm (P<0.001) compared with food secure girls at baseline. But, at the follow up period, the heights of food insecure girls increased by 0.38 cm more per year compared with food secure girls (P<0.066). For boys, no significant difference in the mean height between food insecure and secured boys at baseline as well as over the follow up period.
Belachew T, 2013 [23]	To determine the association between adolescent food insecurity and dietary practices	Data from the first round survey the Jimma Longitudinal Family Survey of Youth (JLFSY)	Urban/rural	2084	13–17	M/F	Food insecurity	Dietary practice	Transient food insecure adolescents 20.5%. Coping to food insecurity: reducing daily food frequency (89.3%), worrying about running out of food (81.8%), spending the whole day without eating (23.8%) and asking for food or money to buy food/begging (20.8%). Food insecure adolescents had low dietary diversity score (P,0.001), low mean food variety score (P,0.001) and low frequency of consuming animal source foods (P,0.001).
Mulusew G, 2017 [27]	To examine the effect of food insecurity on self-rated health status	The Jimma Longitudinal Family Survey of Youth (JLFSY)	Urban/rural	1,919	14–22	M/F	-	Food insecurity assessed by 4-item adolescent food insecurity scale	20.4%, 48.4% and 20.6% of adolescents were food insecure during each consecutive round of the survey respectively. Adolescents with food insecurity were associated with self-rated health status (β = 0.28, P < 0.001)
Juju DB, 2018 [46]	To assess food security of adolescents in the selected khat and coffee-growing areas	Cross-sectional study	Rural	234	12–18	M/F	Sex	Food insecurity experiences	Adolescent with food insecurity 38.0% (boys 40.2% and girls 35.9%; p-value 0.412).
Gizaw G, 2018 [86]	To assess the prevalence and factors associated with adolescent food insecurity among coffee producing districts of Jimma Zone	Cross-sectional study	Urban/rural	550	10–19	M/F	Sex, household food insecurity, dependency ration, household head education, owner of farming land, wealth index	Adolescent food insecurity	Food insecure adolescents 59.6%. Female adolescents (AOR = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.4–3.5), household food insecurity (AOR = 9.4; 95% CI: 5.5–16.2), male of household heads (AOR = 2.8; 95% CI: 1.4–5.3), high dependency ratio (AOR = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.5–4.5), not formally educated household head (AOR = 4.9; 95% CI: 2.6–9.2) and have no own land for farm (AOR = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.2–4.9) were positively independent predictors of adolescent food insecurity.