Table 4.
Categories, sub-categories, and samples of codes obtained from interviews
| Category | Sub-category | Initial codes |
|---|---|---|
| Cognitive Literacy | Disease Basic Knowledge | Awareness of the disease (after diagnosis) |
| Awareness of prescribed medications | ||
| Awareness of the treatment process and the proposed treatment program | ||
| Awareness of how the treatment is progressing and the duration of treatment | ||
| Awareness of warning signs in the disease | ||
| Knowledge of drug and food allergies | ||
| Follow-up Knowledge | Knowledge of follow-up treatment after discharge | |
| Awareness of follow-up diagnostic tests after discharge | ||
| Awareness of warning signs after discharge according to the type of disease Knowledge of taking the medications after discharge | ||
| Para-clinical Services Knowledge | Familiarity with common diagnostic tests | |
| Awareness of the usual preparations before performing diagnostic tests | ||
| Knowledge of self-care after common diagnostic tests | ||
| Hospital Terminological Awareness | Familiarity with simple terms in treatment such as fasting, urine, and suppository | |
| Knowledge of common terms for naming medical staff such as intern, resident, supervisor | ||
| Protection and Safety Knowledge | Awareness of the risk of oxygen explosion in the proximity of cigarettes Recognition of the dangers of falling in hospital | |
| Knowledge of the risk of infection and the way of spreading in a hospital setting | ||
| Familiarity with the risk of exposure to radiation and harmful substances in a hospital setting | ||
| Costs and Insurances Awareness | Overall familiarity with insurance rules | |
| Awareness of support services | ||
| Knowledge of insurance services for specific diseases | ||
| Knowledge of insurance rules for inpatient and outpatient cases | ||
| Familiarity with supplementary insurance | ||
| Knowledge of insurance coverage, the amount of deductible, and co-pay | ||
| Patients’ Rights Awareness | Awareness of the complaints process | |
| Knowledge of patient’s rights | ||
| Awareness of how to follow up on complaints | ||
| Awareness of the right to choose treatment and informed decision | ||
| Familiarity with hospital’s duties in providing medicine, services, and diagnostic tests | ||
| Hospital Regulation Knowledge | Familiarity with rules and regulations in hospital | |
| Awareness of the differences between the rules and regulations of governmental and private hospitals | ||
| Awareness of the differences between the rules and regulations of a teaching hospital and a non-teaching hospital | ||
| Organizational Knowledge | Ability to diagnose the treatment staff according to their uniform | |
| Capability to distinguish the teaching hospital from non-teaching hospital | ||
| Capability to distinguish the public hospital from the private | ||
| Information Comprehension | Ability to understand conditions; the benefits, risks, and potential complications of a procedure | |
| Capability to understand patient education materials | ||
| Capability to understand the care plans | ||
| Information Usage | Capability to apply health information provided by staff | |
| Capability to apply for appropriate self-care education programs | ||
| Functional (Basic) Literacy | Reading | The ability to read signposts and boards of directors |
| The ability to read the informed consent form | ||
| The ability to read patient education materials and brochures | ||
| The ability to read self-care instructions and discharge instructions | ||
| Writing | The ability to fill-out admission form | |
| The ability to fill-out discharge form | ||
| Filling-out the informed consent form | ||
| Calculating | Calculate health insurance costs correctly | |
| Calculating hospital bills correctly | ||
| The ability to calculate the time of taking a prescription drug | ||
| The ability to calculate the dose of prescription drug | ||
| Communicative Literacy | Interpersonal Communication | The ability to communicate with health care providers |
| The ability to communicate with other patients | ||
| Claiming and Negotiation | The ability to ask questions about treatment methods and side effects of selective treatment | |
| Demanding and asking for re-explaining the information | ||
| The capability of complaining and pursuing | ||
| Ability to request simple and clear explanations | ||
| Involvement in Decision-Making | The ability to be involved in the decision-making process | |
| Refusing to impose treatment | ||
| The ability to decide to undergo invasive procedures | ||
| Information Offering | The ability to offer all health history information | |
| Answering physician questions correctly | ||
| The ability to describe every sign and condition | ||
| Behavioral Literacy | Navigation | The ability to find the way in a hospital environment |
| The ability to go through the admission process | ||
| The ability to go through the discharge process | ||
| Hospital Related Self-care | The ability to monitor and report changes in condition Taking care of drains and catheters Participating in self-care such as bathing | |
| Hospital Living | Using the call bell for asking help | |
| Appling sickbed safe and correct | ||
| The ability to tend identification bracelet | ||
| Media Literacy | Technological Skill | Using communication technology like modern mobiles phone |
| The ability to use patient education software | ||
| The ability to apply QR codes to navigate in hospital | ||
| The ability to use mass media, such as the internet to make online appointments | ||
| Information Search and Acquisition | Searching for relevant information through health websites | |
| Searching and selecting appropriate and practical health information through hospital websites | ||
| Emotional Literacy | Valuation of Health | Accentuating to treatment processes |
| Taking care of health by adherence to treatment | ||
| Spending time on long-term diagnostic and therapeutic processes | ||
| Internalization of Health Value | Prioritizing screening and check-up behaviors | |
| Paying attention to choosing high-quality health service |