TABLE 1.
Maternal Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics for Severe Maternal Morbidity With and Without Blood Transfusion During Delivery Hospitalization Among Georgia Resident Women Ages 12–55 Years With Delivery Hospitalizations Between 2009–2020
| Including blood transfusion | Excluding blood transfusion | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Delivery hospitalizations, n (%) | SMM events, n (%) | SMM rate | Crude RR (95% CI) | SMM events, n (%) | SMM rate | Crude RR (95% CI) |
| N=1,172,752 | N=20,701 | — | — | N=8,144 | — | — | |
| Race and ethnicity | |||||||
| NH White | 543,294 (46) | 7,252 (35) | 133.5 | Ref | 3,115 (38) | 57.3 | Ref |
| NH Black | 415,138 (35) | 9,742 (47) | 234.7 | 1.8 (1.7, 1.8) | 3,718 (46) | 89.6 | 1.6 (1.5, 1.6) |
| NH Asian | 42,041 (4) | 655 (3) | 155.8 | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) | 243 (3) | 57.8 | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) |
| NH Other | 1,764 (0) | 40 (0) | 226.8 | 1.7 (1.2, 2.3) | 14 (0) | 79.4 | 1.4 (0.8, 2.2) |
| NH Multiracial | 26,847 (2) | 457 (2) | 170.2 | 1.3 (1.2, 1.4) | 194 (2) | 72.3 | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) |
| Hispanic | 131,050 (11) | 2,334 (11) | 178.1 | 1.3 (1.3, 1.4) | 767 (9) | 58.5 | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) |
| Missing | 12,618 (1) | 221 (1) | 175.1 | — | 93 (1) | 73.7 | — |
| Maternal age | |||||||
| <17 | 12,062 (1) | 308 (1) | 255.3 | 1.6 (1.4, 1.8) | 94 (1) | 77.9 | 1.3 (1.0, 1.6) |
| 17–19 | 82,580 (7) | 1,724 (8) | 208.8 | 1.3 (1.2, 1.4) | 587 (7) | 71.1 | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) |
| 20–24 | 288,014 (25) | 5,078 (25) | 176.3 | 1.1 (1.1, 1.2) | 1,762 (22) | 61.2 | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) |
| 25–29 | 334,328 (29) | 5,301 (26) | 158.6 | Ref | 2,026 (25) | 60.6 | Ref |
| 30–34 | 286,419 (24) | 4,612 (22) | 161.0 | 1 (1.0, 1.1) | 1,957 (24) | 68.3 | 1.1 (1.1, 1.2) |
| 35–39 | 137,472 (12) | 2,772 (13) | 201.6 | 1.3 (1.2, 1.3) | 1,260 (15) | 91.7 | 1.5 (1.4, 1.6) |
| >=40 | 31,877 (3) | 906 (4) | 284.2 | 1.8 (1.7, 1.9) | 458 (6) | 143.7 | 2.4 (2.1, 2.6) |
| Marital status | |||||||
| Unmarried | 551,152 (47) | 11,554 (56) | 209.6 | 1.4 (1.4, 1.5) | 4,185 (51) | 75.9 | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) |
| Married | 619,513 (53) | 9,071 (44) | 146.4 | Ref | 3,921 (48) | 63.3 | Ref |
| Missing | 2,087 (0) | 76 (0) | 364.2 | — | 38 (0) | 182.1 | — |
| Insurance payor | |||||||
| Private | 487,579 (42) | 6,908 (33) | 141.7 | Ref | 3,023 (37) | 62.0 | Ref |
| Medicaid | 571,689 (49) | 11,685 (56) | 204.4 | 1.4 (1.4, 1.5) | 4,182 (51) | 73.2 | 1.2 (1.1, 1.2) |
| Medicare | 15,331 (1) | 398 (2) | 259.6 | 1.8 (1.7, 2.0) | 215 (3) | 140.2 | 2.3 (2.0, 2.6) |
| Self pay | 31,264 (3) | 714 (3) | 228.4 | 1.6 (1.5, 1.7) | 239 (3) | 76.4 | 1.2 (1.1, 1.4) |
| Other payors | 64,925 (6) | 970 (5) | 149.4 | 1.1 (1.0, 1.1) | 469 (6) | 72.2 | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) |
| Missing | 1,964 (0) | 26 (0) | 132.4 | — | 16 (0) | 81.5 | — |
| Education | |||||||
| Less than high school | 34,501 (3) | 695 (3) | 201.4 | 1.3 (1.2, 1.4) | 236 (3) | 68.4 | 1.1 (0.9, 1.2) |
| Some high school | 133,031 (11) | 2,976 (14) | 223.7 | 1.5 (1.4, 1.5) | 1,010 (12) | 75.9 | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) |
| High school degree/GED | 350,282 (30) | 6,855 (33) | 195.7 | 1.3 (1.3, 1.3) | 2,546 (31) | 72.7 | 1.1 (1.1, 1.2) |
| Some college or higher | 624,703 (53) | 9,477 (46) | 151.7 | Ref | 4,006 (49) | 64.1 | Ref |
| Missing | 30,235 (3) | 698 (3) | 230.9 | — | 346 (4) | 114.4 | — |
| Tobacco use during pregnancy | |||||||
| Yes | 64,911 (6) | 1,116 (5) | 171.9 | 1.0 (0.9, 1.0) | 446 (5) | 68.7 | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) |
| No | 1,102,674 (94) | 19,408 (94) | 176.0 | Ref | 7,612 (93) | 69.0 | Ref |
| Missing | 5,167 (0%) | 177 (1) | 342.6 | — | 86 (1) | 166.4 | — |
| NCHS rural-urban | |||||||
| Large central metro | 114,252 (10) | 2,470 (12) | 216.2 | Ref | 846 (10) | 74.0 | Ref |
| Large fringe metro | 548,478 (47) | 9,776 (47) | 178.2 | 0.8 (0.8, 0.9) | 3,690 (45) | 67.3 | 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) |
| Medium metro | 127,893 (11) | 1,692 (8) | 132.3 | 0.6 (0.6, 0.7) | 877 (11) | 68.6 | 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) |
| Small metro | 182,437 (16) | 2,792 (13) | 153.0 | 0.7 (0.7, 0.7) | 1,145 (14) | 62.8 | 0.8 (0.8, 0.9) |
| Micropolitan | 118,127 (10) | 2,361 (11) | 199.9 | 0.9 (0.9, 1.0) | 961 (12) | 81.4 | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) |
| Non-core | 81,565 (7) | 1,610 (8) | 197.4 | 0.9 (0.9, 1.0) | 625 (8) | 76.6 | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) |
| Plurality | |||||||
| Multiple | 21,097 (2) | 1,272 (6) | 602.9 | 3.6 (3.4, 3.8) | 389 (5) | 184.4 | 2.7 (2.5, 3.0) |
| Single | 1,151,474 (98) | 19,428 (94) | 168.7 | Ref | 7,754 (95) | 67.3 | Ref |
| Missing | 181 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Parity | |||||||
| Nulliparity | 476,055 (41) | 8,706 (42) | 182.9 | Ref | 3,600 (44) | 75.6 | Ref |
| Low multiparity (1–3) | 637,379 (54) | 10,265 (50) | 161.1 | 0.9 (0.9, 0.9) | 3,935 (48) | 61.7 | 0.8 (0.8, 0.9) |
| Grand multipara (4+) | 59,305 (5) | 1,729 (8%) | 291.5 | 1.6 (1.5, 1.7) | 608 (7) | 102.5 | 1.4 (1.2, 1.5) |
| Missing | 13 | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Prenatal care | |||||||
| Prenatal care | 947,472 (81) | 15,676 (76) | 165.5 | Ref | 6,046 (74) | 63.8 | Ref |
| Late or no prenatal care | 60,842 (5) | 1,358 (7) | 223.2 | 1.3 (1.3, 1.4) | 462 (6) | 75.9 | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) |
| Missing | 164,438 (14) | 3,667 (18) | 223.0 | — | 1,636 (20) | 99.5 | — |
| Pre-pregnancy hypertension | |||||||
| Yes | 21,989 (2) | 795 (4) | 361.5 | 2.1 (2.0, 2.2) | 421 (5) | 191.5 | 2.9 (2.6, 3.2) |
| No | 1,132,578 (97) | 19,523 (94) | 172.4 | Ref | 7,557 (93) | 66.7 | Ref |
| Missing | 18,185 (2) | 383 (2) | 210.6 | — | 166 (2) | 91.3 | — |
| Gestational hypertension | |||||||
| Yes | 64,408 (5) | 2,863 (14) | 444.5 | 2.8 (2.7, 2.9) | 1,476 (18) | 229.2 | 3.8 (3.6, 4.1) |
| No | 1,090,159 (93) | 17,455 (84) | 160.1 | Ref | 6,502 (80) | 59.6 | Ref |
| Missing | 18,185 (2) | 383 (2) | 210.6 | — | 166 (2) | 91.3 | — |
| Gestational diabetes | |||||||
| Yes | 45,790 (4) | 926 (4) | 202.2 | 1.2 (1.1, 1.2) | 391 (5) | 85.4 | 1.2 (1.1, 1.4) |
| No | 1,108,776 (95) | 19,392 (94) | 174.9 | Ref | 7,587 (93) | 68.4 | Ref |
| Missing | 18,186 (2) | 383 (2) | 210.6 | — | 166 (2) | 91.3 | — |
*
Rate per 10,000 delivery hospitalizations.
***
counts less than 10 censored with dashed line.
SMM indicates severe maternal morbidity.