Table 2.
The Role of vitamins in support of the immune response against disease progression.
| Natural vitamin | Immune boosting power | Possible mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin C | Yes | ↑ Neutrophils, chemotaxis, and phagocytes | [118] |
| ↑Lymphocytic activation | [120,121] | ||
| ↑SVCT and GLUT activity | |||
| ↑T-cell, B-cell, and natural killer cells | |||
| ↑Maturation of T-cell | [122]. | ||
| ↑Differentiation of helper T cell −1(Th-1) and polarization of helper T-cell-2 (Th-2). | [124] | ||
| ↑Generate CD8+ memory T cells | [125] | ||
| ↑Stimulating cytokines | |||
| Vitamin E | Yes | ↑Activity of macrophages, dendritic cells, B-cells, and natural killer cells | [133] |
| ↑T-cells activation | |||
| ↓Prostaglandin E2 secretion | |||
| ↓Prostaglandin E2 and cyclooxygenase −2 synthesis | [134] | ||
| ↑CD16+ CD56+ and NK cells activity | [137] | ||
| ↑Protein Klotho and NF-ҡB activity | [138] | ||
| ↑T-cells activity, interleukin-2 | [140] | ||
| ↑The activity of helper T cell-1(Th1) and helper T cell-2(Th2) | [132] |