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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nutr Res. 2023 Feb 24;112:1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2023.02.003

Table 1.

Participant Characteristics

Total
(n = 100)		 White
(n = 50)		 Black
(n = 50)		 Female
(n = 66)		 Male
(n = 34)		 pa pb pc
White Black White Black
Male (n) 34 17 17
Female (n) 66 33 33
Age (y) 23.8 ± 8.1 23.8 ± 7.8 23.8 ± 8.5 23.7 ± 7.7 23.9 ± 9.4 23.9 ± 8.0 23.7 ± 6.8 0.990 0.932 0.909
Height (cm) 168.6 ± 8.5 169.0 ± 8.1 168.1 ± 8.8 164.9 ± 5.7 163.5 ± 5.8 177.1 ± 5.6 177.0 ± 6.7 0.572 0.333 0.945
Weight (kg) 77.8 ± 20.7 77.6 ± 19.1 78.0 ± 22.4 71.4 ± 16.8 71.4 ± 21.3 89.7 ± 17.7 90.9 ± 19.0 0.921 0.999 0.849
BMI (kg/m2) 27.2 ± 6.4 27.1 ± 6.1 27.4 ± 6.8 26.3 ± 6.1 26.5 ± 6.9 28.6 ± 5.8 29.1 ± 6.4 0.783 0.862 0.814
Waist (cm) 89.3 ± 16.8 88.6 ± 17.1 90.0 ± 16.8 85.9 ± 16.5 87.9 ± 17.9 93.9 ± 17.4 94.1 ± 13.9 0.678 0.638 0.963
Hip (cm) 101.5 ± 13.7 100.7 ± 14.6 102.3 ± 12.8 99.8 ± 15.9 100.7 ± 12.7 102.5 ± 11.8 105.4 ± 12.9 0.557 0.791 0.494
Waist-to-hip ratio 0.88 ± 0.07 0.88 ± 0.07 0.88 ± 0.07 0.86 ± 0.06 0.87 ± 0.08 0.91 ± 0.07 0.89 ± 0.04 0.918 0.680 0.394
Body fat % 31.3 ± 9.5 31.7 ± 9.8 31.0 ± 9.2 34.7 ± 8.2 32.9 ± 9.3 25.8 ± 10.2 27.3 ± 8.1 0.722 0.413 0.652
Fat mass (kg) 25.3 ± 12.8 25.3 ± 12.3 25.3 ± 13.4 25.8 ± 11.6 25.0 ± 13.7 24.4 ± 14.0 25.9 ± 13.2 0.989 0.797 0.755
Fat-free mass (kg) 52.5 ± 12.1 52.3 ± 11.9 52.8 ± 12.5 45.6 ± 7.1 46.5 ± 9.04 65.3 ± 8.0 65.0 ± 8.5 0.852 0.683 0.931
Total body water (L) 39.3 ± 9.4 40.0 ± 9.2 38.5 ± 9.7 35.3 ± 6.1 34.0 ± 7.5 49.2 ± 6.9 47.2 ± 7.2 0.419 0.450 0.411
Total body water (%) 50.5 ± 5.8 51.4 ± 6.0 49.7 ± 5.5 49.7 ± 5.5 48.7 ± 5.4 54.8 ± 5.8 51.6 ± 5.2 0.122 0.432 0.097
Extracellular Fluid (L) 16.0 ± 3.9 16.2 ± 3.7 15.8 ± 4.0 14.2 ± 2.3 13.8 ± 3.0 20.2 ± 2.6 19.6 ± 2.9 0.527 0.547 0.474
Extracellular Fluid (%) 41.2 ± 3.0 41.0 ± 2.6 41.4 ± 3.4 40.4 ± 1.7 40.6 ± 1.8 42.1 ± 3.6 43.0 ± 5.1 0.446 0.584 0.553
Intracellular Fluid (L) 23.2 ± 5.7 23.8 ± 5.6 22.7 ± 5.8 21.0 ± 3.9 20.2 ± 4.6 29.0 ± 4.6 27.6 ± 4.8 0.375 0.439 0.389
Intracellular Fluid (%) 59.2 ± 1.9 59.3 ± 1.9 59.0 ± 2.0 59.6 ± 1.7 59.7 ± 1.8 58.8 ± 2.0 58.3 ± 2.2 0.401 0.584 0.505

Data presented for the “male” and “female” rows are expressed as n. All other data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

Statistical significance is determined by independent t-tests.

a

= p value for race comparisons in the total sample;

b

= p value for race comparisons in female participants;

c

= p value for race comparisons in male participants.