. 2023 Mar 24;10:1057658. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1057658

Table 1.

Mineral composition (mg/kg) in the ribeye of crossbred buffaloes raised extensively in three types of production systems, during dry (DS) and rainy (RS) seasons, or intensely in feedlot, in the Eastern Amazonia (Brazil).

	Extensive						Intensive			P -values
	Santarém ¹		Marajó ²		Nova Timboteua ³		Feedlot ⁴	SEM	Extensive vs. intensive	Location (L) ^*	Season (P) ^**	L *P
	DS	RS	DS	RS	DS	RS
Macrominerals (mg/kg/ms)
Na	1,868.45^bc	1,819.35^c	2,208.74^ab	1,883.27^bc	2,015.03^abc	2,030.71^abc	2,308.40^a	79.260	0.0002	0.0359	0.0869	0.1028
K	12,209.0^c	15,844.0^a	15,066.0^a	14,404.0^ab	13,163.0^bc	15,708.0^a	14,606.0^AB	411.980	0.6437	0.2070	<0.0001	<0.0001
Ca	601.11^a	458.62^b	619.21^a	520.29^ab	522.29^ab	511.02^ab	491.77^B	24.591	0.0824	0.1267	0.0003	0.0590
Mg	930.34^b	976.38^b	1,065.67^a	1,026.79^a	931.48^b	970.18^b	968.45^B	11.718	0.2413	<0.0001	0.1278	0.0010
P	7,385.22^c	8,165.45^ab	8,372.11^a	8,290.05^a	7,504.87^c	8,061.17^ab	7,870.94^b	80.403	0.2940	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001
S	7,366.19^a	7,249.63^ab	7,293.22^a	6,863.78^c	7,322.16^a	7,083.84^abc	7,012.67^bc	62.047	0.0079	0.0031	<0.0001	0.0575
Microminerals
Cu	4.19^b	4.27^b	4.12^b	4.09^b	4.78^ab	5.80^a	3.78^b	0.321	0.0312	0.0025	0.2217	0.2729
Zn	130.31^c	183.75^ab	176.01^b	164.08^b	207.07^a	211.97^a	165.29^b	6.676	0.0649	<0.0001	0.0074	<0.0001
Fe	71.43^c	94.74^a	97.93^a	89.08^ab	77.93^bc	98.61^a	78.20^bc	3.741	0.0153	0.0162	0.0002	<0.0001
Mn	1.83	1.52	2.07	2.08	1.75	1.84	1.44	0.270	0.1668	0.2679	0.7437	0.7223
Other
Ba	4.91	6.90	5.40	5.18	5.88	6.38	5.66	0.54	0.8366	0.2710	0.0877	0.1091

SEM, standard error of the mean.

Production systems.

^**

Season periods. Different letters in subscript indicate significant differences in the same row (p < 0.05). Na, sodium; K, potassium; Ca, calcium; Mg, magnesium; P, phosphorus; S, sulfur; Cu, copper; Zn, zinc; Fe, iron; Mn, manganese; Ba, barium. Diets = ¹System Santarém - In this breeding ecosystem, buffaloes are raised in the traditional way on pasture, in native pastures in areas subject to flooding. During the collection of pastures, there was also an availability of cultivated grasses Panicum maximum cv. Mombasa and Bhachiaria brizantha. ²System Marajó - In this ecosystem, buffaloes are reared in a traditional system, fed exclusively on pasture, with grasses native to areas subject to flooding, such as Panicum elephantipes, Leersia hexandra and Hymenachne amplexicaulis. ³System Nova Timboteua - In this ecosystem, the animals feed on cultivated pastures (Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça and Bhachiaria humidicola), in areas originally forested (*the animals received wet brewery waste during the dry period). ⁴System Feedlot - In this system, the animals entered the feedlot at 12 months of age and were slaughtered after 192 days of feeding.