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. 2023 Mar 24;14:1143350. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1143350

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Copyright © 2023 Chimote, Alshwimi, Chirra, Gawali, Powers-Fletcher, Hudock and Conforti

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Immune signaling pathways altered by COVID-19 and by dexamethasone. (A) Heatmap depicting immune signaling pathway scores in PBMCs from healthy donors (n=5) and COVID-19 patients with mild disease (n=4). Significantly altered pathways are highlighted in gray and represented by * (B) Heatmap depicting immune signaling pathway scores in PBMCs from patients with mild (n=4), severe COVID-19 (Severe, n=3), and severe COVID-19 + dexamethasone (Dexa, n=4). Significantly altered pathways between mild and severe groups are highlighted in gray and represented by *, and those altered between severe +/- dexamethasone are marked by red arrows. (C) Pathways significantly altered by dexamethasone treatment in severe COVID-19 patients. Bars represent means ± SD, and each symbol represents an individual. Significance determined by unpaired t-test.