Table 1.
Characteristics of studies included in the review.
| Study | Country | Study design | N | Sex (M/F) | Age (year) | Physical activity | Control arm | Outcomes | Medication use | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Intensity | Duration (min) | Frequency (times/week) | Week | |||||||||
| Ziereis et al. (2015) (32) | Germany | RCT | 43 | 32/11 | 7–12 | Ball handling, balance and manual dexterity; Sports | NR | 60 | 1/week | 12 | Waiting-list | Executive function | None |
| Benzing et al. (2019) (33) | Switzerland | RCT | 51 | 43/8 | 8–12 | Exergaming | Moderate | 30 | 3/week | 8 | Waiting-list | Executive function; Core symptom | NR |
| Messler et al. (2018) (34) | Germany | RCT | 28 | 28/0 | 8–13 | HIIT | Vigorous | 60 | 3/week | 3 | Standard multimodal therapy | Core symptom | Yes |
| Kang et al. (2011) (35) | Korea | RCT | 32 | 32/0 | 7–10 | Aerobic, goal-directed exercise, motor skill | NR | 90 | 2/week | 6 | Education | Executive function; Core symptom | Yes |
| Bustamante et al. (2016) (36) | USA | RCT | 35 | 24/11 | 6–12 | Structured activity | Moderate | 15 | 5/week | 10 | Sedentary attention control | Executive function | Yes |
| Chang et al. (2012) (37) | Taiwan | RCT | 40 | 37/3 | 8–13 | Treadmill | Moderate | 30 | 1/week | 1 | Watching video | Executive function | NR |
| Chang et al. (2014) (38) | Taiwan | RCT | 27 | 23/4 | 5–10 | Aerobic exercise aquatic, motor skill, coordination, balance, and power | Moderate | 90 | 2/week | 8 | Waiting-list | Executive function | NR |
| Choi et al. (2015) (39) | Korea | RCT | 35 | NR | 13–18 | Running | Moderate | 90 | 3/week | 6 | Education | Executive function; Core symptom | Yes |
| Kadri et al. (2019) (40) | Tunisia | RCT | 40 | 36/4 | 11–18 | Taekwondo | Moderate | 50 | 2/week | 72 | Regular standard multimodal therapy | Executive function | No |
| Chang et al. (2022) (41) | Taiwan | RCT | 48 | 39/9 | 7–10 | Table tennis; Exergaming | NR | 60 | 3/week | 12 | No intervention | Executive function | Yes |
| Chuang et al. (2015) (42) | Taiwan | RCT | 19 | 16/3 | 8–12 | Aquatic exercise | MVPA | 30 | 1/week | 1 | Watching viedo | Executive function | None |
| Pan et al. (2016) (43) | Taiwan | RCT | 32 | 32/0 | 6–12 | Table tennis | NA | 70 | 2/week | 12 | No intervention | Executive function | Yes |
| Memarmog-haddam et al. (2016) (44) | Iran | RCT | 40 | 40/0 | 7–11 | Selected exercise program, aerobic and goal-directed exercise; table tennis racket and balls | MVPA | 90 | 3/week | 8 | No intervention | Executive function | None |
| Smith et al. (2019) (45) | United States | RCT | 29 | 15/14 | 5–9 | Multi-faceted treatment | NR | 15 | 3/week | 15 | Treatment as usual | Executive function | Yes |
| Ahmed et al. (2011) (46) | Egypt | RCT | 84 | 54/30 | 11–16 | Aerobic exercise | Moderate | 40–50 | 3/week | 10 | No intervention | Core symptom | NR |
| Hattabi et al. (2019) (47) | Tunisia | RCT | 40 | NR | 9–12 | Coordination, balance, and power to reinforce different aspects of motor skills | Moderate | 90 | 3/week | 12 | No intervention | Executive function | None |
| Hoza et al. (2014) (48) | United States | RCT | 104 | 58/46 | 5–9 | Aerobic physical activity | MVPA | 31 | 7/week | 12 | Sedentary classroom intervention | Core symptom | Yes |
| Jensen et al. (2004) (49) | Australia | RCT | 19 | 19/0 | 8–13 | Yoga | NR | 60 | 1/week | 20 | Talking and listening, cooperative activities | Core symptom | Yes |
| Garcia-Gomez et al. (2016) (50) | Spain | RCT | 18 | 12/6 | 7–14 | Equestrian | NR | NR | 2/week | 12 | Waiting-list | Core symptom | Yes |
| Porter et al. (1984) (51) | United States | RCT | 34 | 34/0 | NR | Relaxation exercise | Moderate | 25 | 1/week | 3 | Listening to the story | Executive function; Core symptom | None |
| Silva et al. (2020) (18) | Brazil | RCT | 20 | 14/6 | 11–14 | Swimming | NR | 45 | 2/week | 8 | No intervention | Executive function | NR |
| Oh et al. (2018) (52) | Korea | RCT | 34 | 31/3 | 6–12 | Horseback riding | NR | 60 | 2/week | 12 | Medication | Core Symptom | Yes |
| Liu et al. (2018) (53) | China | RCT | 64 | 32/32 | 7–13 | Multicomponent exercise | Moderate | 35 | 3/week | 14 | No intervention | Executive function | None |
| Bahram et al. (2014) (54) | Iran | RCT | 30 | 0/30 | 9.47 ± 1.98 | Running | Moderate | 20–35 | 3/week | 12 | No intervention | Core symptom | None |
| Hattabi et al. (2021) (55) | Tunisia | RCT | 40 | NR | Mean = 12 | Plyometric training program | Vigorous | 30 | 2/week | 12 | No intervention | Executive function | None |
| Felmet et al. (1998) (56) | United States | RCT | 40 | 40/0 | 9.7 ± 1.36 | Karate | MVPA | 45 | 2-3/week | 8 | Waiting-list | Core symptom | None |
| Gelade et al. (2018) (57) | Netherlands | RCT | 59 | 46/13 | 7–13 | Aerobic exercise | MVPA | 45 | 3/week | 10–12 | Medication | Executive function; Core symptom | None |
| Gelade et al. (2017) (58) | Netherlands | RCT | 73 | 55/18 | 7–13 | Aerobic exercise | MVPA | 45 | 3/week | 10–12 | Medication | Executive function | None |
| Soori et al. (2020) (59) | Iran | RCT | 43 | 20/23 | 12.53 ± 0.3 | HIIT | Vigorous | NR | 3/week | 6 | No intervention | Core symptom | None |
| Song et al. (2022) (17) | China | RCT | 16 | 16/0 | 6–9 | Football | NR | 60 | 5/week | 6 | Waiting-list | Executive function | None |
| Chen et al. (2022) (60) | China | RCT | 64 | 53/11 | 6–10 | Cycling on an ergometer | MVPA | 25 | 3/week | 12 | Watching Video | Executive function; Core symptom | None |
| Xu et al. (2021) (61) | China | RCT | 40 | 29/11 | 4–6 | Combination exercise | NR | 45 | 2/week | 24 | No intervention | Core symptom | None |
| Rezaei et al. (2018) (62) | Iran | RCT | 14 | NR | 7–11 | Yoga | NR | 45 | 3/week | 8 | No intervention | Executive function | Yes |
| Benzing et al. (2018) (63) | Switzerland | RCT | 46 | 38/8 | 8–12 | Exergaming | moderate | 15 | 1/week | 1 | Watching Video | Executive function | Yes |
| Lee et al. (2017) (64) | Korea | RCT | 12 | 12/0 | 7–9 | Multi-sports exercise | Moderate | 60 | 3/week | 12 | No intervention | Executive function | None |
| Gawrilow et al. (2013) (65) | Germany | RCT | 38 | 18/20 | 8–13 | Trampoline | vigorous | 5 | 1/week | 1 | Sedentary | Executive function | NR |
| Faramarzi et al. (2016) (66) | Iran | RCT | 20 | 20/0 | 8.60 ± 0.82 | Multicomponent exercise | Moderate | 45 | 2/week | 6 | No intervention | Executive function | None |
| Smith et al. (2020) (67) | United States | RCT | 80 | 53/27 | 5–9 | Agility ladder, ball skill acquisition, hula-hoop, juggling | NR | 45 | 3/week | 15 | Treatment as usual | Executive function; Core symptom | Yes |
| Liang et al. (2022) (68) | Hong Kong | RCT | 80 | 62/18 | 6–12 | Combined exercise | MVPA | 60 | 3/week | 12 | Waiting-list | Executive function | None |
| Pan et al. (2019) (69) | Taiwan | quasi-RCT | 30 | 30/0 | 7–12 | Table tennis | Moderate | 70 | 2/week | 12 | No intervention | Executive function | Yes |
| Verret et al. (2012) (70) | Canada | quasi-RCT | 21 | NR | 7–12 | Aerobic, muscular, and motor skill | MVPA | 45 | 3/week | 10 | No intervention | Executive function | Yes |
| Ludyga et al. (2020) (71) | Switzerland | quasi-RCT | 18 | NR | 11–16 | Cycling on an ergometer | Moderate | 20 | 1/week | 1 | Watching video | Executive function | Yes |
| Chou et al. (2017) (72) | Taiwan | quasi-RCT | 49 | 38/11 | 8–12 | Yoga | Moderate | 40 | 2/week | 8 | No intervention | Executive function | None |
| Silva et al. (2015) (73) | Brazil | quasi-RCT | 28 | NR | 10–16 | Exergaming | Vigorous | 5 | 1/week | 1 | No intervention | Core symptom | None |
| So et al. (2017) (74) | Korea | Self-control | 10 | NR | 10–12 | Horseback riding | NR | 40 | 2/week | 4 | --- | Core Symptom | NR |
| Hernandez-Reif et al. (2001) (75) | United States | Self-control | 13 | 11/2 | 13–16 | Tai Chi | NR | 30 | 2/week | 5 | --- | Core symptom | NR |
| Lufi et al. (2011) (76) | Israel | Self-control | 15 | 15/0 | 8–14 | Multi-sports activities | NR | 75–110 | 1/week | 20 | --- | Core symptom | None |
| Cuypers et al. (2011) (77) | Canada | Self-control | 5 | 5/0 | 10–11 | Horseback Riding | NR | 60 | 2/week | 8 | --- | Core symptom | Yes |
| Jang et al. (2015) (78) | Korea | Self-control | 20 | 19/1 | 6–13 | Hippotherapy | NR | 40 | 2/week | 12 | --- | Core symptom | None |
| Schoenfelder et al. (2017) (79) | United States | Self-control | 11 | 6/5 | 14–18 | Usual physical activity | NR | NR | 7/week | 4 | --- | Core symptom | None |
| Siu et al. (2020) (80) | Hong Kong | Self-control | 14 | 10/4 | 7–9 | Rugby | NR | 90 | 1/week | 6 | --- | Core symptom | NR |
| Shema-Shiratzky et al. (2019) (81) | Israel | Self-control | 14 | 11/3 | 8–12 | Treadmill | NA | 30–60 | 3/week | 6 | --- | Executive function; Core symptom | None |
| Smith et al. (2013) (82) | United States | Self-control | 17 | NR | 5–9 | Aerobic and motor skill | MVPA | 30 | 7/week | 8 | --- | Executive function; Core symptom | None |
| Pontifex et al. (2013) (83) | United States | Self-control | 20 | 14/6 | 8–10 | Running | Moderate | 20 | 1/week | 1 | --- | Executive function | None |
| Piepmeier et al. (2015) (11) | United States | Self-control | 14 | 9/5 | 8–14 | Cycling on an ergometer | Moderate | 30 | 1/week | 1 | --- | Executive function | Yes |
| Hung et al. (2016) (84) | Taiwan | Self-control | 20 | 20/0 | 8–12 | Treadmill | moderate | 30 | 1/week | 1 | --- | Executive function | None |
| Ludyga et al. (2017) (10) | Switzerland | Self-control | 16 | 11/5 | 11–16 | Cycling on an ergometer | Moderate | 20 | 1/week | 1 | --- | Executive function | Yes |
| Craft (1983) (85) | United States | Self-control | 31 | 31/0 | 7–10 | Cycling on an ergometer | MVPA | 10 | 4/week | 1 | --- | Executive function | None |
| McKune et al. (2003) (86) | Pretoria | Self-control | 13 | 10/3 | 5–13 | Running and jumping | Moderate | 60 | 5/week | 5 | --- | Core symptom | NR |
RCT, randomized controlled trial; HIIT, high intensity interval training; NR, no reported; MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity.