Table 2.

Positions that refer to links between cognitive change procedures, cognitive change, and symptom change in depression treatments

	Path c	Path a	Path b	Path d
Position	Effects of procedures on symptoms	Effects of procedures on cognition	Role of cognitive change	Cognitive specificity	Mechanistic account	Potency of cognitive procedures	Relevant papers
1A	1	1	1	0	Cognitions as mechanisms of change	Cognitive change procedures produce more cognitive change and symptom change	Beck (1976)
1B	0	0	1	0	Cognitions as mechanisms of change	Cognitive change procedures produce equal amounts of cognitive change and symptom change	Hofmann (2008)
1C	−1	−1	1	0	Cognitions as mechanisms of change	Cognitive change procedures produce less cognitive change and symptom change	Linehan (1993)
2	--	--	0	0	Cognitions are not mechanisms	--	Kazdin (2007) Longmore & Worrell (2007)
3	--	--	0	1	Cognitions are specific mediators	--	DeRubeis et al. (1990) Messer & Wampold (2002)

Note. For path c, a cognitive change procedure may be more efficacious than (+1); equally efficacious as (0); or less efficacious than (−1) a non-cognitive change procedure. For path a, a cognitive change procedure may alter cognitions more than (+1), equal to (0), or less than (−1) a non-cognitive change procedure. For path b, there may either be a causal effect (+1) or no causal effect (0). For path d, cognitive change might act as a non-specific mediator (0), or a specific mediator (+1).