TABLE 1.
Therapeutic effects and cellular mechanisms of PTL.
| Proposed therapeutic effects | Potentials cellular mechanisms | References |
|---|---|---|
| Skeletal and dental system | ||
| LPS-induced osteolysis | Anti-osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption, anti-RANKL signalling | Yip et al. (2004), Qin et al. (2015) |
| Per-implant osteolysis | Anti-born resorption | Li et al. (2014), Zawawi et al. (2015) |
| Ovariectomy-induced osteoporisis | Anti-osteoclastic born resorption | Idris et al. (2010) |
| Methotrexate-induced bone loss | Anti-osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption, anti-inflammation | King et al. (2012) |
| Collagen-induced arthritis | Anti-inflammation in osteoclast-like cells and in chondrocytes | Liu et al. (2015) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | Inhibit fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RA-FLS) | Parada-Turska et al. (2008), Mathema et al. (2012) |
| Periodontitis | Anti-inflammation in periodontal ligament-derived cells | Zhang et al. (2014), Zhang et al. (2017) |
| Cancers (related to skeletal system) | ||
| Bone metastasis with breast cancer | Inhibit growth or promote apoptosis of W256 cells, anti-osteoclast | Idris et al. (2009), Marino et al. (2017) |
| Prostate cancer related osteolysis | Inhibit prostate cancer cells, mediate osteoclasts and osteoblasts | Marino et al. (2019) |
| Multiple myeloma | Anti-cancer stem cell activity, anti-TRAP6 | Suvannasankha et al. (2008), Gunn et al. (2011), Kong et al. (2015) |
| Osteosarcoma | Induce autophagic cell death in osteosarcoma cells sensitize tumor | Zuch et al. (2012), Yang et al. (2016) |
| Osteosarcoma with lung metastasis | Inhibit cell proliferation and the expression of VEGF | Kishida et al. (2007) |
| Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) | Inhibit AML xenograft tumor growth, reverse drug resistance | Yip et al. (2004), Wang et al. (2006) |
| Oral cancer | Prevent tumor formation, chemopreventive, induce apoptosis | Yu et al. (2015), Baskaran et al. (2017) |
| Other cancers (as examples) | ||
| Gastric cancer | Sensitize gastric cancer cells, reverse drug resistance | Li et al. (2018), Liu et al. (2020) |
| Pancreatic cancer | Suppresses pancreatic cancer cell growth, induce apoptosis | Yip-Schneider et al. (2005), Liu et al. (2010), Liu et al. (2017) |
| Hepatic cancer | Sensitize cancer cells, reverse drug resistance, induce apoptosis | Carlisi et al. (2011), Kim et al. (2012), Liu et al. (2013) |
| Lung cancer | Inhibit cancer cell growth, sensitize cancer cells | Li et al. (2020), Sun et al. (2020), Wu et al. (2020) |
| Ovarian cancer | Inhibit cancer cell growth and invasion, induce apoptosis | Lee et al. (2012), Takai et al. (2013), Kwak et al. (2014) |
| Glioblastoma | Suppresses cancer cell growth, induce apoptosis | Anderson and Bejcek (2008), Hexum et al. (2015), Ding et al. (2020) |
| Cytokine storm | ||
| COVID-19 | Anti-inflammation, immunomodulators | Bahrami et al. (2020), Soleymani et al. (2022) |