Table 3.

Tailored Interventions to Promote Cardiovascular Health at Various Pre-Pregnancy Life Stages and Across Ecological Levels

	Pre-Pregnancy Life Stages
	People with no current intention to become pregnant (Includes adolescents)		People with intention to become pregnant (pre-pregnancy)		People with intention to become pregnant again (inter-pregnancy)
Individual	Lifestyle coaching Stress reduction Sleep interventions Weight loss pharmacotherapy/bariatric surgery Text-based interventions		In addition to those for people with no current intention to become pregnant, Lifestyle-based weight loss interventions Pharmacotherapy safe during pregnancy to achieve optimal risk factor control		Lifestyle-based interventions for people with a history of APOs Pharmacotherapy among individuals after a history of APOs (e.g., metformin or GLP-1RA after gestational diabetes) Cognitive behavioral therapy and pharmacologic therapy for postpartum depression
Community	Civic engagement		Peer-led support groups		Peer-led parenting groups Home visiting programs focused on stress, postpartum depression
Population	Social marketing campaigns to raise awareness about CVH promotion Built environment changes (e.g., access to healthy foods, green spaces)
Policy	Dismantle structural racism Fair housing practices Access to education, equitable employment opportunities, and paid family leave Healthcare workforce diversity Continuous health insurance coverage to ensure high-quality pre-pregnancy counseling and minimize interruptions in access

APOs adverse pregnancy outcomes; CVH cardiovascular health; GLP-1RA glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; SNAP supplemental nutrition assistance program; WIC Special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children;