. 2023 Feb 24;12(3):331–343. doi: 10.21037/tp-22-418

Table 2. Comparison of radiographic parameters between the distal foundation augmentation group, non-distal foundation augmentation group, and dual traditional growing rod group.

Parameters	sTGR cohort (n=48)		dTGR Cohort (n=26)	P value
Parameters	DFA Group (n=24)	Non-DFA Group (n=24)	dTGR Cohort (n=26)	Between groups	DFA vs. Non-DFA	DFA vs. dTGR
Coronal and sagittal alignment
Major curve (°)
Pre OP	102.50±17.71	93.60±21.87	95.74±19.15	0.267	0.121	0.228
Post OP	55.71±19.12^a	60.64±19.90^a	52.32±18.01^a	0.306	0.372	0.531
FU	59.47±18.81^a	70.88±19.72^ab	56.90±17.41^a	0.024	0.037	0.628
Correction rate (post vs. pre OP)	45.2%±18.8%	36.9%±15.2%	46.2%±17.9%	0.131	0.104	0.840
Correction rate (FU vs. pre OP)	40.6%±20.4%	24.0%±17.1%	41.1%±17.6%	0.001	0.001	0.917
Maximal kyphosis (°)
Pre OP	93.30±32.16	83.64±28.40	88.35±28.55	0.533	0.264	0.558
Post OP	50.08±15.50^a	52.24±18.32^a	47.92±18.20^a	0.681	0.669	0.661
FU	54.67±14.89^a	65.54±19.63^ab	50.82±16.48^a	0.010	0.031	0.428
Correction rate (post vs. pre OP)	46.9%±13.0%	41.0%±15.5%	44.0%±16.0%	0.398	0.176	0.501
Correction rate (FU vs. pre OP)	42.2%±19.3%	22.0%±15.0%	39.1%±17.3%	0.001	0.001	0.519
T2–5 thoracic kyphosis (°)
Pre OP	22.17±11.54	23.99±9.75	14.34±10.83	0.005	0.559	0.012
Post OP	17.58±9.55	20.09±10.96	15.15±10.71	0.254	0.408	0.413
FU	27.11±13.35^b	31.01±13.29^b	23.99±14.04^ab	0.154	0.289	0.386
T5–12 thoracic kyphosis (°)
Pre OP	69.90±32.07	62.65±28.12	72.69±28.64	0.474	0.400	0.740
Post OP	41.80±13.84^a	36.44±15.19^a	39.54±13.43^a	0.425	0.194	0.575
FU	45.83±14.24^a	43.54±16.79^a	40.73±15.90^a	0.518	0.615	0.255
Coronal and sagittal alignment
C7PL-CSVL (mm)
Pre OP	28.77±19.19	34.02±20.14	25.02±19.56	0.275	0.358	0.503
Post OP	22.76±16.39	26.10±17.38	23.67±18.07	0.788	0.507	0.854
FU	21.00±17.01	31.21±17.84	18.13±14.88	0.018	0.036	0.543
AVT (mm)
Pre OP	88.36±27.21	94.60±29.40	70.99±24.07	0.008	0.425	0.026
Post OP	42.49±18.78^a	52.59±21.96^a	34.66±16.58^a	0.006	0.072	0.153
FU	45.50±21.14^a	58.91±23.25^a	37.10±20.76^a	0.003	0.036	0.177
DF tilt (°)
Pre OP	37.87±10.45	35.14±11.11	37.35±12.81	0.684	0.415	0.874
Post OP	10.30±6.64	14.64±7.88	9.06±5.57	0.013	0.029	0.518
FU	12.73±7.40	17.97±8.53	10.17±6.89	0.002	0.020	0.240
SVA (mm)
Pre OP	3.61±41.50	−10.79±42.23	12.55±35.03	0.119	0.212	0.428
Post OP	21.92±37.19	25.32±40.05^a	−13.92±47.28^a	0.002	0.779	0.003
FU	20.61±35.65	28.20±41.58a	19.22±32.85b	0.657	0.477	0.894
Thoracic and spinal height
T1–12 height (mm)
Pre OP	143.46±21.92	136.88±20.57	141.96±21.25	0.532	0.287	0.804
Post OP	188.52±23.83^a	177.20±20.39^a	192.66±21.97^a	0.046	0.081	0.510
FU	203.75±24.57^ab	189.19±23.94^a	205.80±23.86^ab	0.029	0.032	0.771
T1–S1 height (mm)
Pre OP	232.15±29.86	223.34±27.68	239.16±28.53	0.157	0.291	0.391
Post OP	316.18±32.63^a	300.49±30.22^a	320.78±32.06^a	0.069	0.090	0.610
FU	340.44±28.99^ab	322.01±31.55^ab	344.10±32.71^ab	0.034	0.044	0.680

Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. ^a, significantly different from the preoperative value; ^b, significantly different from the postoperative value (P<0.05). sTGR, single traditional growing rod; dTGR, dual traditional growing rod; DFA, distal foundation augmentation; OP, operation; FU, follow-up; C7PL-CSVL, distance between the C7 plumb line and the central sacral vertical line; AVT, apical vertebral translation; DF, distal foundation; SVA, sagittal vertical axis.