Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to mental health in the cohort analysis (n = 2,811)
| Variables | Total | Depression | Anxiety | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression | Without depression | p | Anxiety | Without anxiety | p | ||
| Number (%) | 2,811 | 219 (7.80) | 2,592 (92.20) | 189 (6.70) | 2,622 (93.30) | ||
| Demographic characteristics | |||||||
| Age (years) | 35.00 (32.00,37.00) | 35.00 (32.00, 37.00) | 35.00 (32.00, 37.00) | 0.810 | 35.00 (33.00, 38.00) | 35.00 (32.00, 37.00) | < 0.001 |
| Gender (female) | 2,649 (94.20) | 210 (95.90) | 2,439 (94.10) | 0.277 | 180 (95.20) | 2,469 (94.20) | 0.542 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.83 (20.07,23.88) | 22.57 (20.76, 24.38) | 21.76 (19.96, 23.80) | 0.002 | 22.66 (20.76, 24.09) | 21.77 (19.95, 23.83) | 0.005 |
| Dietary habits | |||||||
| Smoking habit | 0.659 | 0.431 | |||||
| Current | 36 (1.30) | 3 (1.40) | 33 (1.30) | 3 (1.60) | 33 (1.30) | ||
| Former | 24 (0.90) | 3 (1.40) | 21 (0.80) | 3 (1.60) | 21 (0.80) | ||
| Never | 2,751 (97.90) | 231 (97.30) | 2,538 (97.90) | 183 (96.80) | 2,568 (97.90) | ||
| Alcohol habit | 0.039 | 0.624 | |||||
| Current | 192 (6.80) | 24 (11.00) | 168 (6.50) | 15 (7.90) | 177 (6.80) | ||
| Former | 144 (5.10) | 12 (5.10) | 144 (5.40) | 9 (4.80) | 135 ( 5.10) | ||
| Never | 2,475 (88.00) | 198 (83.50) | 2,355 (88.00) | 165 (88.10) | 2,310 (88.10) | ||
| Coffee habit | 0.606 | 0.621 | |||||
| Current | 768 (27.30) | 60 (27.40) | 708 (27.30) | 45 (23.80) | 723 (27.60) | ||
| Former | 423 (15.00) | 39 (17.80) | 384 (14.80) | 36 (19.00) | 387 (14.80) | ||
| Never | 1,620 (57.60) | 120 (54.80) | 1,500 (57.90) | 108 (57.10) | 1,512 (57.70) | ||
| Life related factors | |||||||
| Sleep quality (PSQI scores) | 5.00 (3.00,8.00) | 10.00 (8.00, 12.00) | 5.00 (3.00, 7.00) | < 0.001 | 10.00 (7.00, 12.00) | 5.00 (3.00, 7.00) | < 0.001 |
|
Physical activity (IPAQ Mets×hour/week) |
18.60 (3.65,52.80) | 14.60 (0.00, 46.20) | 19.30 (4.00, 53.77) | 0.824 | 20.50 (0.00, 87.10) | 18.39 (4.00, 51.30) | 0.006 |
| Have religions (yes) | 93 (3.30) | 90 (3.50) | 3 (1.40) | 0.107 | 3 (1.60) | 90 (3.40) | 0.182 |
| Marital status | 0.117 | 0.099 | |||||
| Single | 543 (19.30) | 48 (21.90) | 495 (19.10) | 30 (15.90) | 513 (19.60) | ||
| Married/cohabitation | 2220 (79.00) | 171 (78.10) | 2049 (79.10) | 153 (81.00) | 2,067 (78.80) | ||
| divorce/separation/widow | 48 (1.70) | 0 (0.00) | 48 (1.90) | 6 (3.20) | 42 (1.60) | ||
| Have siblings (yes) | 2,013 (71.60) | 168 (76.70) | 1,845 (71.20) | 0.082 | 150 (79.40) | 1,863 (71.10) | 0.015 |
| Household income (Yuan/month) | 0.905 | 0.258 | |||||
| < 5,000 | 15 (0.50) | 3 (1.40) | 12 (0.50) | 0 (0.00) | 15 (0.60) | ||
| ≧ 5,000, < 10,000 | 462 (16.40) | 33 (15.10) | 429 (16.60) | 39 (20.60) | 423 (16.10) | ||
| ≧ 10,000 | 2,334 (83.0) | 183 (83.60) | 2,151 (83.00) | 150 (79.40) | 2,184 (83.30) | ||
| Experienced major events (yes) | 1,443 (51.30) | 147 (67.10) | 1,296 (50.00) | < 0.001 | 117 (61.90) | 1,326 (50.60) | 0.003 |
| History of chronic disease (yes) | 522 (18.60) | 42 (19.20) | 480 (18.50) | 0.810 | 45 (23.80) | 477 (18.20) | 0.056 |
| Visiting friend constantly (no) | 75 (2.70) | 12 (5.50) | 63 (2.40) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| Work related factors | |||||||
| Years of employment | 0.100 | 0.067 | |||||
| < 5 years | 384 (13.70) | 18 (8.20) | 366 (14.10) | 12 (6.30) | 372 (14.20) | ||
| 5–10 years | 1,137 (40.40) | 96 (43.80) | 1,041 (40.20) | 87 (46.00) | 1,050 (40.00) | ||
| > 10 years | 1,290 (45.90) | 105 (47.90) | 1,185 (45.70) | 90 (47.60) | 1,200 (45.80) | ||
| Speciality | 0.270 | 0.004 | |||||
| Surgery | 1,209 (43.00) | 105 (47.90) | 1,104 (42.60) | 120 (63.50) | 1,089 (41.50) | ||
| Internal medicine and others | 321 (11.40) | 24 (11.00) | 297 (11.50) | 18 (9.50) | 303 (11.60) | ||
| Obstetrics and Gynecology | 342 (12.20) | 15 (6.80) | 327 (12.60) | 6 (3.20) | 336 (12.80) | ||
| Pediatrics | 255 (9.10) | 6 (2.70) | 249 (9.60) | 3 (1.60) | 252 (9.60) | ||
| Others | 684 (24.30) | 69 (31.50) | 615 (23.70) | 42 (22.20) | 642 (24.50) | ||
| Worktime duration (hours/week) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| < 40 h | 998 (35.50) | 64 (29.20) | 934 (36.00) | 55 (29.10) | 943 (36.00) | ||
| 41–60 h | 1,720 (61.20) | 134(61.20) | 1,586(61.20) | 113(59.80) | 1,607(61.30) | ||
| 61–80 h | 16 (0.60) | 6 (2.70) | 10 (0.40) | 5 (2.60) | 11 (0.40) | ||
| > 80 h | 77 (2.70) | 15 (6.80) | 62 (2.40) | 16 (8.50) | 61 (2.30) | ||
|
Night shifts (more than 3 times/month) |
1,590 (56.60) | 135 (61.60) | 1,455 (56.10) | 0.115 | 117 (61.90) | 1,473 (56.20) | 0.126 |
| Exposure to the COVID-19 (yes) | 315 (11.20) | 30 (13.60) | 285 (11.00) | 0.135 | 24 (12.70) | 291 (11.10) | 0.160 |
| Psychological characteristics | |||||||
| POS scores | 51.00 (44.00,57.00) | 44.00 (36.00, 50.00) | 51.00 (45.00, 57.00) | < 0.001 | 46.00 (40.00, 51.00) | 51.00 (45.00, 57.00) | < 0.001 |
| PsyCap-efficacy (scores) | 29.00 (24.00,31.00) | 24.00 (21.00,26.00) | 30.00 (24.14, 32.75) | < 0.001 | 24.00 (21.00, 28.00) | 30.00 (24.00, 32.00) | < 0.001 |
| PsyCap-hope (scores) | 30.00 (24.00,32.00) | 23.69 (21.00, 26.00) | 30.00 (25.00, 32.00) | < 0.001 | 24.00 (20.00, 29.00) | 30.00 (24.00, 32.00) | < 0.001 |
| PsyCap-resiliency (scores) | 27.00 (24.00,31.00) | 24.00 (21.51, 27.00) | 27.00 (24.00, 31.00) | < 0.001 | 25.00 (23.00, 27.00) | 27.00 (24.00, 31.00) | < 0.001 |
| PsyCap-optimism (scores) | 26.00 (23.00,28.00) | 23.00 (22.00, 25.00) | 26.00 (24.00, 29.00) | < 0.001 | 23.00 (22.00, 24.00) | 26.00 (24.00, 29.00) | < 0.001 |
Categorical variables were reported as the number (percentage). Independent samples Student’s t-test was used to compare the mean of two continuous normally distributed variables, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the mean of two continuous non-normally distributed variables, The χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test was used for categorical variables
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; PSQI, Pittsburgh sleep quality index, IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire; COVID-19, Coronavirus Disease 2019; POS, Perceived Organization Support; PsyCap, Psychological Capital