Table 5. Summary of Operating Conditions and Experimental Results (Average Value ± Standard Deviation) For Five Experiments Yielding a βLGA Steady-State (Experiments B1–B5)^a.

	Single crystallizer solution-fed			Cascade with two crystallizers
	Exp B1	Exp B2	Exp B3	Exp B4	Exp B5
Operating conditions
T (°C)	40	45	45	40	45
τ0 (min)	70	90	70	70	70
c0 (g/kg)	30.4 ± 0.4	29.8 ± 0.1	29.4 ± 0.1	29.2 ± 0.1	29.6 ± 0.2
State variables
css (g/kg) (exp)	20.8 ± 0.3	23.3 ± 0.1	23.7 ± 0.1	18.1 ± 0.3	20.4 ± 0.2
(−) (exp)	0.61 ± 0.01	0.39 ± 0.02	0.32 ± 0.05	0.66 ± 0.05	0.51 ± 0.02
(−) (exp)	0.64 ± 0.03	0.42 ± 0.03	0.34 ± 0.02	0.70 ± 0.06	0.55 ± 0.02
css (g/kg) (sim)	20.8	22.0	22.5	18.9	20.5
(−) (sim)	0.551	0.451	0.398	0.596	0.525
(−) (sim)	0.606	0.496	0.438	0.655	0.578
Characterizing withdrawal
εβ (−) (exp)	–0.05 ± 0.04	–0.04 ± 0.08	–0.06 ± 0.03	–0.09 ± 0.05	–0.07 ± 0.03
εβ (−) (sim)	–0.1	–0.1	–0.1	–0.1	–0.1
KPI
wβ (−) (exp)	0.97 ± 0.01	0.98 ± 0.01	0.97 ± 0.01	0.98 ± 0.01	0.97 ± 0.01
Y (−) (exp)	0.58 ± 0.02	0.48 ± 0.02	0.47 ± 0.01	0.73 ± 0.02	0.71 ± 0.01
P [kg/(m3h)] (exp)	8.59 ± 0.36	4.92 ± 0.89	4.78 ± 0.14	4.73 ± 0.42	3.68 ± 0.16
wβ (−) (sim)	1	1	1	1	1
Y (−) (sim)	0.58	0.59	0.54	0.68	0.70
P [kg/(m3h)] (sim)	8.15	5.19	5.89	4.41	3.88

^aExperiments (denoted with “exp”) are directly compared to the simulation results (denoted with “sim”). For the simulations, a constant dilution factor value of ε = −0.1 was assumed. Note that in the cascade experiments (experiments B4 and B5) the temperature T and residence time τ₀ are provided for the second crystallizer, whereas temperature and residence time in the first crystallizer are set to conditions in Exp. B3. The solubilities of βLGA at 40 °C and at 45 °C are 14.0 g kg^–1 and 16.6 g kg^–1, respectively.