Table 1. Experimental Conditions^a.

experiment	σCa(OH)2,in/mM	step rate/s	[formaldehyde]in/mM
EXP001	0.00	0	50
EXP002	2.89	45	50
EXP003	5.75	45	50
EXP004	0.00	0	20
EXP005	2.89	45	20
EXP006	5.75	45	20
EXP007	0.00	0	100
EXP008	2.89	45	100
EXP009	5.75	45	100
EXP010	0.00	0	50
EXP011	5.75	120	50
EXP012	5.75	45	50
EXP013	5.75	30; 60; 120	50

^aAll experiments were performed with fixed inlet concentrations of formaldehyde ([formaldehyde]_in) as indicated and dihydroxyacetone (50 mM). Inlet concentrations of CaCl₂ were sampled from a Gaussian distribution with average 15 mM and standard deviations as indicated (σ_Ca(OH)2,in) and applied via the modulation of the input flow rate of the CaCl₂ solution with a frequency indicated by the step rate. The inlet concentration (flow rate) of NaOH was varied in unison with the inlet of CaCl₂ to maintain a constant 1:2 ratio of Ca²⁺/HO^–. The flow rates applied to EXP013 were created from a linear combination of concentrations selected from three independent Gaussian distributions (mean = 15 mM), which varied over three different timescales as indicated. The flow rate of a separate water inlet was varied to offset the varying flows of CaCl₂ and NaOH to maintain a constant residence time (120 s). Temperature: 21 °C.